Battle for Wesnoth on Atrix - Atrix 4G Themes and Apps

Here's a very small guide to play battle for wesnoth on any atrix 4g device.
Simply follow this guide ( http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1093790&highlight=webtop ) to install debian on the webtop (remember to use a non-fat32 partition).
Than in debian do as follow:
- Debian menu
- Application
- Shell
- Bash
# in bash write "aptitude wesnoth"
- Wait for the install (could take 15 mins)
- Open another instance of debian
- Application --> Games ---> Strategy ---> Wesnoth 1.8
I'm still getting rid of the no-sound issue, but if someone have a clue is welcome

Related

[READ FIRST] [REF] Dictionary for n00b - What is.../What does ...mean? (2011/01/17)

Dictionary for n00b - What is.../What does ...mean?​
Start read from 1st to last one and don't jump from one to another. If you will read all, it bring complex knowladge, if not you can be confused
Read summary to make sure, that you know everything if you think that some part(s) is not necessary to read for you!
If you post link here, please link to 1st post! Than everybody can know, what he/she can find here
Atin001 helps with some updates/corrections in Dictionary - take a minute to thanks him also.
Did you miss something here? Send me PM what you want to have here!
Basics of Unix-like system (ROOT)
su, root, rooting, superuser app - what is it, why we need it
sh, bash, user/root shell - what is bash, sh; what is user shell; what is root shell; how I can recognise it each other
Bussybox - what BusyBox is, basic list of commands from BusyBox
(in progress) Kernel - what is going on? Do I need it?
Android platform and it's specifics
adb shell - what is it, for what it is
Android SDK - what is it, tool which provides, where to download
Tools for work with Android adb shell - Terminal Emulator, ADB shell from Android SDK and how to use it
Custom recovery
What custom recovery is - what custom recovery is
Tools which custom recovery provides - list of tools with description which custom recovery bringing
ADB as root user
USB-MS Toggle
Backup/Restore
Flash ZIP from sdcard
Wipe menu
Partition sdcard + etx2, ext3, ext4 filesystem description
Mounts
Others
Is it save to install? - possible problems, why should I try it?, backup/restore of original recovery
How this whole thing works - Drellisdee's installation steps description/elaboration
Custom ROMs (generally)
What custom ROM is?
Is save install custom ROM? - potencional problems
What I need for install?
What can custom ROM brings - kernel, update, performance, customization, theme, ....
what is ...
deodexed, zipaglined, png-optimized
JIT, HW:acceleration, VM.Heap Size, stagefright
apps2sd + dalvik2sd
custom kernel (recompiled, ...)
Android versions (collecting informations)
List of versions of Android for Optimus One (official&unofficial) - what we can install into our device
What version can be rooted and how? - version list, how to root, which version can be rooted, which can't
Sources (collecting)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history
Tools which you must have
Android SDK Tools (adb shell)
Terminal emulator
KDZ Updater tool
...
So I'm on way, where I can start doing advanced stuff?
Follow Noejn's sign-post You can find here main point for start.
If you now know basic "words of android world" you can take a look on really great tutorial how to root, install recovery and so on.
Have you some questions? Make sure that you look on Mihir287's FAQ
1. Basics of Unix-like system
su, root, rooting - what is it, why we need it
sh, bash, busybox - what BusyBox is, basic list of commands from BusyBox, bash, sh
Kernel - What is it?
su
Also referred as substitute user - is command for changing of the account in current terminal (usually black screen with blinking cursor). Default account is root account. So if you insert into terminal 'su' and hit enter, you will become root user.
root
Root alias superuser or poweruser is special user account for system administration. Similar to windows having its administrator account, unix-like system have system have the root. With this user you can do anything and if you will run command for delete whole system, unix will just do it! No asking, no confirming. So, watch your steps!
rooting
Rooting is just enabling power of root for applications or our proposes. You can read great article about Rooting on androidpolice. Kepp on your mind, that some steps described on this page are NOT compatible with our Optimus One!!
Superuser app
After rooting is done, you will see new app called superuser in app drawer. This app can delegate applications to use su (root) feature. When app ask for first use, popup window will appear asking if the application should be allowed to use root permission.
sh, bash
is a command-line interpreter or shell that provides a traditional user interface for the Unix operating system and for Unix-like systems. So simply, it is some interface, which can execute command(s), which you have entered. Many shells exist, but in scope of android you can (as far as I know) use only sh (standard - Bourne-shell) or bash (compiled in BusyBox or separately on XDA). Both are basically same, but bash has much more future and it is comfortable. It's too big to describe here, so if you are interested in learning more, follow links in sources section.
user/root shell
How do I know if I'm root or normal user? It's simple. Root's shell is ended with # (usually it's shell looks like "bash-3.2# _") and user's ends with $ (usually bash-3.2$ _). In terminal emulator you also can have only [path]($|#) (for root for example "/etc # _")
BusyBox
also called "The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux" is a tool which brings into Android basic tools known from unix system, but is much more smaller than standard tools is. But this "packing" brings also limits in possibilities in comparison to standard tools in unix-system (missing special modes of tool, color output and so on). Many application use this. For example busybox grep (filtering of text) is needed for application called Market enabler.
BusyBox commands
list of commands is really wide, so it's not possible explain all, so I pickup only top few. (hint: if you want what some command do, just search on google for "man <command_name>" for example man mv or enter command here
cd - cange directory - same like in windows. You can switch directory. example: cd /sdcard
ls - list of files in actual directory (have few switches like for example: ls -l /sdcard/*.png (detailed listing)
cat - print file into standart output (like more in windows) Example: cat /sdcard/data.txt
vi - editing of file. But on limited phone keyboard (no keyboard) it is little harder Read more about vi
cp - copy of one or more file. Example: cp /sdcard/bike.jpg /sdcard/media/bike-wallpaper.jpg
mv - moving/rename files, Example: mv /sdcard/bike.jpg /sdcard/media/renamed-moved-bike.jpg
rm - delete file (rm -R for recursive, or for delete whole folder), Example: rm -R /sdcard/wallpaper-bad/*
find - search for files, Example find / -name "best-chopper-ever.avi"
mkdir - make directory - creates directory, Example: mkdir mynewdir
chmod - changes access of files
less - similar like cat, but you can scroll in it and it doesn't produce any output. Example: less /sdcard/funnytext.txt
Please, take due note that man pages are documentation of unix tools. For BusyBox's tool help, just enter BusyBox <command_name> -h.
Many time, when is BusyBox installed, are also symbolic links created. It means, that is not necessary do BusyBox <command>, but only <command> will be enough.
Kernel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28computing%29
Work in progress...
Links/thanks:
----------------------------------------------------
su (Unix); wikipedia.org
Superuser; wikipedia.org
Bourne shell (sh); wikipedia.org
Bourne-Again shell (bash); wikipedia.org
BusyBox; benno.id.au; BusyBox.net
Kernel; wikipedia.org
----------------------------------------------------
==========================
Main topic
==========================
2. Android platform and it's specifics
adb shell - what is it, for what it is
Android SDK - what is it, tool which provides, where to download
Tools for work with Android adb shell - Terminal Emulator, ADB shell from Android SDK and how to use it
ADB (shell)
ADB - Android Debug Bridge is a versatile tool lets you manage the state of an emulator instance or Android-powered device. It is a client-server program that includes three components:
A client, which runs on your development machine. You can invoke a client from a shell by issuing an adb command. Other Android tools such as the ADT plugin and DDMS also create adb clients.
A server, which runs as a background process on your development machine. The server manages communication between the client and the adb daemon running on an emulator or device.
A daemon, which runs as a background process on each emulator or device instance.
Generally it can be compared with standard cmd prompt in windows (you can write commands which will be executed locally, for example in Terminal Emulator) or it can be just like SSH in unix-like system (you connect to terminal through adb client (in Android SDK) and commands will be run remotely.
Android SDK
Android software development kit is complex set of tools for developing app on Android. It includes fully usable emulator of Android OS on your PC, where you can do everything. You can install/delete apps, browse web page in embedded web browser, play games or make your own application in Eclipse (widely used IDE for development). Of course, with emulator you can use also GPS or camera. Emulated android phone is just like "normal" phone.
Android SDK tools
Fully emulated Android device
Android Development Tools Plugin (Eclipse IDE)
Android Virtual Devices (AVDs)
Hierarchy Viewer
layoutopt
Draw 9-patch
Dalvik Debug Monitor Service (ddms)
Android Debug Bridge (adb)
Android Asset Packaging Tool (aapt)
Android Interface Description Language (aidl)
sqlite3
Traceview
mksdcard
dx
UI/Application Exerciser Monkey
monkeyrunner
Android
zipalign
Tools for work with Android adb shell
You have two ways ho to connect into ADB service - locally and remotely.
Locally - for local access you will need some application which can connect to local adb shell.
Terminal Emulator (free) - probably most commonly used app from market, which works and looks like standard unix shell.
ConnectBot (free) - same as Terminal Emulator, but it can be also used for connecting via SSH or telnet
Remotelly- For remote connection you need phone configuration adjustment:
Home desktop -> [menu button] -> Settings -> Applications -> Development -> USB debugging [ON].
Also you need connect your phone via USB (or finds on market some widget/app, witch enable using ADB also via wi-fi)
adb tool from Android SDK
After download Android SDK, extract archive somewhere (in example I extracted it in c:/AndroidSDK). Then follow instruction on developer.android.com for installation of SDK Platform-tools (contains adb). After installation click on start menu and in Run... (in Windows7 in search bar) enter 'cmd' and press Ok or [enter]. Then write in cmd line:
Code:
cd c:\AndroidSDK\android-sdk-windows\tools [enter]
now you can enter following command to connect to phone's adb shell if you don't have more connected device (virtual or real-one)
Code:
adb shell
If you have more then one, you need explicitly say which one should be used for connection. So list connected devices with
Code:
adb devices
which shows you serial number of connected devices. Than use
Code:
adb -s <serial-number> shell
Links/thanks:
----------------------------------------------------
ADB; android-dls.com; developer.android.com
Android SDK; wiki.androidforum.cz [CZ]
Basic adb/shell commands for noobs; forum.xda-developers.com
15 Useful Android Terminal (ADB Shell) Commands; gadgetsdna.com
----------------------------------------------------
==========================
Main topic
==========================
3. Custom recovery
What custom recovery is
Tools which custom recovery provide - NAND backup/restore, formatting of SDcard, partitioning (ext1,ext2, ext3), wiping, flashing of Custom ROM, ...
Is it save to install that? - potential problems, backup/restore of original recovery
How this whole thing works - installation description (not how-to install, just explanation of what is done during installation)
What custom recovery is
Recovery is image (binary data) stored in internal memory. This image contains something like "program" maybe better say "tool", which can boot-up independently on Android system. In other words, when this tool is running (booted up), than Android system is not. This tool is part of phone system, and in PC terminology recovery can by compared to BIOS with some added features. This recovery state can be reached on all phone, but if you don't have custom recovery, it will do so-called HW reset and automatically restart itself into standard boot mode. So what is difference between original recovery and custom recovery? Custom recovery didn't call master reset after start and also didn't restart itself.
Tools which custom recovery provides
Let's go check what custom recovery brings (I will describe Drellisdee's custom recovery so another recovery can brings another menu and tools)
In Drellisdee's post is picture of main screen with list and description of tools so let's look on it:
ADB as root user
what is root user, and what is adb, you should already know. If not, follow link on main post.
USB-MS Toggle :mounts sdcard as mass storage
It just mounts your phone as USB-mass storage (USB disk) so in PC you will see new disk where you can see folders based on mountes (lower) and were you can upload what you want.
Backup/Restore:
Nand Backup : runs a nandroid backup of data, cache, boot, system
Nand Backup + .android secure : backs up above plus .android_secure on sdcard (froyo native apps on sd)
//Native app which notify "application can be moved into SD card" if you can move some app. It's good to use, if you used it.
Nand + ext backup : data, cache, system, boot, plus apps2sd on ext partition (old style apps2sd)
//old style apps2sd is used on some custom ROM because can move every application into SD card instead of Froyo's apps2sd
Nand Restore : browse to and select nandroid backup to restore
Absolutely GREAT feature. With NAND you can do 1:1 copy (image) of your actual system (phone's memory). It means, that you didn't backup only SMS, contacts or apps, but whole system with all configuration, customization, wallpapers, system's tweaks... just everything - it creates image of whole phone system. This image will be written to your SD card which you are then free to copy around and back up on your computer.
What it means? You find custom ROM which looks awsome so you create NAND backup and install new ROM, but after few hour/days... you know, ROM before was better. So you boot into recovery, use NAND restore of your old ROM backup and .... woala you have your system just like before backup - as if nothing had happened. For about 2 minutes!! It sounds great, isn't? But one, little problem exist. You can not use for restore only some part of backup. You have to restore all, or nothing.
Flash Zip From Sdcard: Update.zip must be in root of sdcard
This tool is designed for install of custom ROM or for tweaks. If you have instruction to install via custom recovery, and file have .zip extension than you should use this menu. Never unzip file, because file contain meta-information about itself with some validate-checks so if you edit it, or unpack and pack back, it shouldn't work. And of course you can't select *.zip file if it doesn't exist because you unpack it, also you have not to rename it to update.zip, you can just select file to update in list of .zip files. And, at the end, file have to be in root (main folder) of sdcard.
Wipe Menu:
Wipe data/factory reset: wipes data & cache
- wipe of users data (contacts, apps, configuration, ...) and cache (caches of applications)
Wipe cache
- wipe cache only
Wipe Dalvik cache : Wipes Dalvik cache in all possible locations if moved by apps2sd
- wipe of Dalvik cache?
Wipe SD:ext : Wipes Apps2sd ext partition
- if you used Partition SDcard option, you can wipe it here
Wipe Battery Stats
- If you think, that your battery life is too short, you can try delete battery stats. Than let phone fully charge. (more)
Wipe rotate settings
- wipe senzor setting (acceleration, ...)
Wipe .android secure : Wipes froyo native .android_secure on sdcard
- wipe information about moved apps
Partition Sdcard:
Partition SD: Partition's sdcard for apps2sd (this formats card so all non backed-up data is lost)
- will create ext2 partition (you will be asked for size of ext2 and cache)
Repair Sd:ext
SD:ext2 to ext3 : coverts apps2sd ext2 partition to ext3 (requires kernel support for ext3)
SD:ext3 to ext4 : same as above but ext3 to ext4 (requires kernel support for ext4)
ext2 - file system for the Linux kernel (no journal, fast but not recovery of I/O error)
ext3 - file system for the Linux kernel (journal, slower than ext2 because of journal, but provides recovery on I/O error)
ext4 - file system for the Linux kernel (journal, enhanced version of ext3)
Links/thanks
----------------------------------------------------
How to increase battery life; androidforums.com
Comparison of file systems; wikipedia.org
ZeroXtreme's filesystem answer (thanks); forum.xda-developers.com
----------------------------------------------------
Mounts:
Gui mounts to avoid typing in terminal to mount and cd into a dir to mount system, data, cache, sd-ext (if exists), sdcard
Other:
Fix apk uid mismatches
//I'm not sure, can somebody helps?
Move recovery log to SD
Toggle Signature Verify : Turn of signature checking on flashing zips
Key Test : Output keycodes for debugging recovery
I thing that this is clear enough.
Is it save to install that?
Well, nothing isn't without any risk. Anyway, from what I know, nobody has had any problems, if Drellisdee's steps are followed, but you have to have P500, not derivate from Sprint, for example. From my point of view the installation of recovery is without any problems. After update with KDZ_FW_UPD tool I had rewritten also recovery. But this tool is really dangerous, so try to avoid to it.
Anyway, original recovery can be backuped before installation of custom recovery and this can be done by command
Code:
dd if=/dev/mtd/mtd2 of=/sdcard/<name-of-old-recovery>.img bs=4096
for example:
Code:
dd if=/dev/mtd/mtd2 of=/sdcard/my-original-recovery.img bs=4096
For restore,just use same step (command) that you used for flashing, but replace name of .img file.
Code:
flash_image recovery /sdcard/my-original-recovery.img
NOTE: You don't have to do other commands before and after as you done for install of recovery!!
So, where can problems arise?
loss of warranty - LG service have much more advanced software and hardware and they can check what problem caused - make dump of memory and so on
bricking of phone - if something goes wrong, then phone may not start at all
deletion of all data if installation fails - if old recovery remains, than hw reset will be performed
custom recovery doesn't work at all - incompatible devices
Why to try?
NAND backup/restore - the most useful tool ever
you can install custom ROM
high count of successful flashing of custom recovery
for now (what I read on forum), when you had said that you brick your phone by standard LG tool, your warranty repair was approved
How this whole thing works (description of installation's steps)
Let's see on how to:
Copy flash_image and recovery-RA-GNM-thunderg-1.1.0.img to the root of your sdcard
Nothing hard I think.
via adb shell or terminal type this from root su # shell. (Do not type the # as its just for reference to show you need a root # shell not a $ user shell)
Ok, it seems that it doesn't make sense, isn't. But what is root and su we already knows, same as user shell and root shell. Also follows commands probably aren't some "normal" task, so some special user approve will be necessary - so it probably means use of root. So, enter 'su [enter]' for become a root.
Code:
[B]# mount -o remount,rw -t yaffs2 /dev/block/mtdblock1 /system[/B]
// remounting of filesystem for write
[B]# cat /sdcard/flash_image > /system/bin/flash_image[/B]
// print contend of flash_image into /system/bin/flash_image (it is just copying)
[B]# chmod 755 /system/bin/flash_image[/B]
// set up file access for running (basic of unix-like systems)
[B]# mv /system/etc/install-recovery.sh /system/etc/install-recovery.sh.bak[/B]
// rename install-recovery as install-recovery.sh.back
// NOTE: many guys haven't this file, so they get error: [I]"failed on '/system/etc/install-recovery.sh' - No such file or directory"[/I]
// it's normal. If it happens, just ignore it and continue.
[B]# mount -o remount,ro -t yaffs2 /dev/block/mtdblock1 /system[/B]
// remount of filesystem into read-only mode
[B]# flash_image recovery /sdcard/recovery-RA-GNM-thunderg-1.1.0.img[/B]
// using of program/script flash_image for flashing of recovery image
// you can do by same way also restore of your original recovery
[B]# reboot recovery[/B]
// reboots into recovery mode
I think, that was also nothing hard. As was said "#" on beginning means that root's shell should be used for running that command. Maybe you remember what I had written, that if you run something on root's account, it doesn't ask for confirmation and will just do it. Same with responses. If there is nothing to say, then nothing will be said. So if command runs without any problems, nothing will be shown. If something doesn't work, than you will be informed.
Key combo to boot custom recovery from powered off is vol_down + home + power and release keys at LG splash.
Nothing special I guess. But I recommend keep vol down + home keep pressed until custom ROM menu appear.
Note this recovery and the one for the LG Vortex have a service that instantly reboots out of recovery once you load it & I disabled it and thats why you get a E: "Bad Boot Message" on inital startup. Its completely fine.
IMPORTANT NOTE!! Too many of n00bs asking "I have problem, E: "Bad Boot Message appeared, what I should do?" Read ALL carefully before every action!!
Recovery Key mapping:
Up & down : vol-up and vol-down
Select : Menu
Backup : Back
Key map for moving in menu (touch screen doesn't work... )
Links/thanks:
----------------------------------------------------
Drellisdee's custom recovery description; androidforums.com
----------------------------------------------------
==========================
Main topic
==========================
4. Custom ROM (generally)
What custom ROM is?
Is it save to install custom ROM? - potential problems
What I need for install?
What can custom ROM brings - kernel, update, performance, customization, theme, ....
what is ...
deodexed, zipaglined, png-optimized
JIT, HW:acceleration, VM.Heap Size, stagefright
apps2sd + dalvik2sd
custom kernel (recompiled, ...)
What custom ROM is?
Custom ROM is every somehow changed manufacturer's ROM or ROM compiled from source code of Android. "Change/s" can starts with adding/removing default application and can extend to kernels, cpu over/under-clocking, enable/disable features (ROOT, HW acceleration, ...), themes (frameworks, color, ...), keyboards and many other features.
Custom ROM is mostly distributed like signed ZIP package with included installation script for custom recovery. This ZIP is flashed via custom recovery tool.
Is it save to install custom ROM?
Yes, it is. May be I can say, that installation of custom ROM is almost mandatory, because it cost you only few minute if you will not be satisfied - you can just restore your old ROM from NAND backup, if you will be satisfied, you can keep it. And yes, you can also use backup tools like for example Astro for backup of your apps or Titanium Backup backup everything (SMS, call list, preferences, APNs, ...) and restore this in your new ROM (NOTE: In this case it's strongly recommended that both ROM should have same or very similar source/base ROM).
So, it is really simple:
1) Do NAND backup
2) Try new ROM
3) Keep new, or restore old one.
What I need for install?
1) Rooted phone
2) Installed custom recovery
3) Signed .ZIP file of ROM compatible with recovery
#) RECOMMENDED: NAND backup of your actual ROM
What does custom ROM bring
Custom ROM brings almost every feature you can image.
ex:
optimization for maximal power (games), long battery life, calling, texting, playing videos,...
awsome look - changed icons, colors, animations, wallpapers, menu, ....
simple work - feature that will short some work (add restart button, reorganized menu, shorts, gestures, ...)
allow tweaking - overclok/underclok your device, ROOT, ....
It's really not possible describe here every possibility what you can do/get with custom ROM.
what is ...
deodexed - needed for using themes. If you want replace/change some file in system (change theme) you need deodex file which you want change. In most cases it's going on services.jar which contains definition of colour for clock for example.
APKs zipaligned - optimization of APK archive, so it takes less memory and is much faster.
png-optimized - png files takes less memory, are loads faster
JIT - just-in-time compilation also known as dynamic translation, is a method to improve the runtime performance of computer programs, but it takes some time to convert into it on start.
HW:acceleration - using of HW acceleration for rendering GUI. Little increase battery consumption.
VM.Heap Size - maximum memory an application can consume
stagefright - In Android 2.2 new media framework that supports local file playback and HTTP progressive streaming
Apps2SD - (mostly DarkTremor's a2sd) If you create ext partition on your SD card, you can mount it like internal memory (you will have more space on phone memory) and move app on SD.
Dalvik2SD - move of Dalvik into SDcard (saves space)
custom kernel - compiled standard unix kernel (can bring support for features like support ext4 for example)
Links/thanks
----------------------------------------------------
P500 custom ROM list; forum.xda-developers.com
What's Deodex and Odex?; forum.xda-developers.com
What Is Zipalign In Android And How To Make Apps Zipaligned; www.addictivetips.com
PNG compress; http://www.gotow.net/creative/wordpress/?p=79
Just-in-time compilation; wikipedia.org
VM Heap size; forum.cyanogenmod.com
stagefright; developer.android.com
----------------------------------------------------
==========================
Main topic
==========================
Thanks
Very good and hard work
Hats off to you.
rakesh_4utoo said:
Very good and hard work
Hats off to you.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks You are welcome!!
very very nice guide, cant wait for you to finish it :X ! Thx alot dude for all the hard work!
Very good work!
Please post it on czech androidforum.cz
Thank you,
David Ullmann, Czech Republic
Very nice. A bit rough around the edges but I'm sure most people can understand it easily enough ^__^ Good job. It came like two days too late for me though since I already asked my questions everywhere on xda to install void
raylgo said:
Very nice. A bit rough around the edges but I'm sure most people can understand it easily enough ^__^ Good job. It came like two days too late for me though since I already asked my questions everywhere on xda to install void
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
But you can be happy and proud, that you probably inspired me!
While backing up the old recovery what do you mean by:
recovery-dump-T
My first line went ok in terminal emulator but second line didn't go ok. That's why I am asking this.
Your the Man! Thank You So much! all are much clearer to me now! now lets gets things started!
lekhwani said:
While backing up the old recovery what do you mean by:
recovery-dump-T
My first line went ok in terminal emulator but second line didn't go ok. That's why I am asking this.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It is just example
I think this post should be read for evey noob even before powering his mobile on !
Great work !
Sent from my LG-P500 using XDA App
Quite helpful for noobs like me
So...because I wrote what I wanted, you can make suggestions what are you missing here.... I'm looking forward...
how long should the recovery flashing take?
bazo666 said:
how long should the recovery flashing take?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Few minutes
hm, i left it running for like half an hour and nothing happenned. then i unplugged the phone from usb and closed the adb shell, because i had to go.
but the phone boots fine so i think nothing has flashed.
what can be the problem?

[SEP 18][V0.3] Stable Customized BT5 for HD2 - Links updated

Zen's Backtrack 5 For HD2 (and other) Android Smartphones
V0.3
----------------------------------------------------------
New app for loading this (and other) Linux Systems! - https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.linux.autoloader
Image and app support can be found here --> http://www.zenfulapps.com/
Packed - 640mb
Unpacked - 2.6gig (fits on 3.3 img now.)
--GRAB THE UPDATED SCRIPTS ATTACHED TO THIS POST, THEY ARE NOT PACKAGED INTO THE ZIP--
--Scripts are set to load from EXT4 partition, when i modify them for the .img's ill add them to the script pack--
--if you have .img mounting scripts from previous versions, they will work, as long as file names and directories match--
V0.3 Download
http://www.zenfulapps.com/Android/backtrack5-0.3.7z
(MD5 is still the same
MD5sum (of .7z file) - 9a4796f0ed96e03579c2b4a684d026f5
--------------------
Script pack contains
--------------------
btgo - mounts BT5, and askes how you would like to start, CLI or VNC
bts - stops BT5, and unmounts everything for it.
btl - used to login to bt5 after it has been mounted, to avoid all those "resource busy" messages
mkcore - directory installation and swap file creation
-------------
What you need
-------------
Rooted Android Smartphone
Linux on PC
Busybox installed on your device
SDcard adapter or reader, if neccesary
----------
Lets begin
----------
There are 3 different ways you can do this:
1. Fresh install on EXT4 Sdcard partition ( I HIGHLY recommend this method if possible, much better, a bit faster (no double loops to write to)
2. Create Fresh .img
3. Replace old BT5 system .img
=========================================
1. Fresh install on EXT4 Sdcard Partition
=========================================
This portion of the guide is to install BT5 on a FRESH EXT4 partition on your SDcard. Throughout this porcess, you will:
Backup your current sdcard (EVERY PARTITION, this is why we use PC-linux and not windows)
Fully erase and repartition your SDcard
Replace Android system and user data
Install BT5 on third partition
prepare system for chroot and VNC connection
----------------------------------------
Boot into your Linux operating system. **I DO NOT recommend using virtualbox or vmware, as drivers for usb and SDcard connections arent direct, things can go wrong.**
Shutdown your phone, and remove your SDcard. Do not use adb, or any other tools to do this.
insert your SDcard into your computer (adapter or reader yada yada) and mount every partition.
Make careful note of what is on which partition. safest way to back everything up is through the command line with the command
Code:
sudo cp -Rfvp /media/your-sdcard-partition/* /where/your/backup/folder/is
Do this for each partition, whether you have 1, 2, 3, or more.
In my case, my backup directory looks like this:
Code:
[[email protected] sdcard-backup]$ ls -l
total 12
drwxrwxr-x. 2 hookup-cellular hookup-cellular 4096 Sep 13 18:48 ext2
drwxrwxr-x. 2 hookup-cellular hookup-cellular 4096 Sep 13 18:48 ext4
drwxrwxr-x. 2 hookup-cellular hookup-cellular 4096 Sep 13 18:48 fat32
(ignore the empty directory sizes, my TRUE backup folder is MUCH more vulgar and i wont display it publicly, people may tear thier eyes out )
After everything is backed up, open your partition manager (in Gnome it is gparted, cant remember the name in others)
Navigate to your SDcard, and DELETE every partition. every one.
afterwards, recreate them using this strategy:
partition 1 - FAT32 size = total sdcard size minus ext2 and ext4 partition sizes
partition 2 - EXT2 size = 256mb, 512mb, 1gb, depending on how you like your apps2sd
partition 3 - EXT4 size = size you want for linux, minimum should be 4gb (mines at 10gb, i like my linux and got 3 different ones on it at the same time.)
When you are done, copy back your fat32 and ext2 stuff using the SAME COMMAND AS ABOVE (sudo cp -Rfvp from/here to/here)
Now, unzip/tar the .tar.gz package. I recommend extracting it to your pc before trying to put it on your sdcard.
Using the copy command above, put the extracted files onto your sdcard's EXT4 partition.
Double check the partition (navigate to it in nautilus or whatever filemanager your using) and ensure that it has the system copied over properly. You should see /boot /etc /root /sys so on and so forth, NOT just one folder with all of those inside of it.
Insert your SDcard, power on your phone, go to terminal emulator, and enter this:
Code:
su
cd /sdcard/scripts
sh mkcore
Swap file is damn near neccessary if your planning on using any GUI tools (armitage, zenmap)
Your directory structure is now in place, swap file created, and you start BT5 by typing (from /sdcard/scripts OR /data/linux):
Code:
sh btgo
=================================
2. Fresh Image Creation
=================================
for this, we use the dd command and mkfs.ext4 command.
Code:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/path/to/where/you/want/the/img bs=1M count=3300
Change this command as needed, running it as is wont do anything good. Change the of= to where you want your img to be located.
next is mkfs.ext4
Code:
mkfs.ext4 /path/to/where/you/want/your/img
select yes when it cautions about "not a block device"
When this is finished, mount it using these commands:
Code:
su
-your password-
mkdir -p /mnt/bt5img
mount -t ext4 /path/to/your/img /mnt/bt5img
now, extract the BT5 package to a place on your Computer. When finished, run this command:
Code:
sudo cp -Rfvp /path/to/bt5/core/* /mnt/bt5img/
changing parameters accordingly.
After this, copy the .img to /sdcard/bt5 and run the start scripts from your terminal emulator.
================================
3. Replace Existing Image
================================
Mount your bt5 image, erase what is inside of it, and copy in the new system:
Code:
su
-your password-
mkdir -p /mnt/bt5img
mount -t (your ext type) -o loop /path/to/your/bt5/img /mnt/bt5img
rm -Rfv /mnt/bt5img/*
cp -Rfvp path/to/bt5/core/* /mnt/bt5img/
unmount your .img, place it on your sdcard, and your all set.
==============================
Changes in v0.3
==============================
- Trimmed alot of fat, fits inside of 3.3 image now, though space is SEVERLY limited (removed CUPS and sound stuff, who needs to print from within thier phone anyways?)
- various small changes for performace improvements.
- a few new tools installed, but not tested
- restored my personal version that i nuked. It works now.
NEW STUFF TO COME, STAY TUNED!!!
First off, My apologies for starting a second thread on this, I've made ALOT of changes and i feel the first thread is dead and useless. (Reprimand me if needed
-pics coming once I find my camera could be a small while-
---------------------------------------
Backtrack5 for HD2 - v0.2
Customized by z3n
My goal: the perfect stealth
tool in your pocket
just one tap away
---------------------------------------
========================
Codename
Squeaky Wheel
========================
Updated, check second post for changelog
========================
DOWNLOAD
========================
Please use the scripts attached at the bottom of this post instead of the packaged ones, and i havent had a change to update the full image zip with it (uploads take a while )
V 0.2
Part 1 - http://www.megaupload.com/?d=D0MQVAS4
Part 2 - http://www.megaupload.com/?d=M2MRYLAH
MD5 - 06225e18cdbfee6f88daf7e9ee3a1163
SHA1 - eeba19e53565a1643703cf8938be2f8cfc12db9a
V 0.1
Part 1 - http://www.megaupload.com/?d=83B22Y00
Part 2 - http://www.megaupload.com/?d=SB98AA19
mirror - (NOT interchangeable)
Part 1 - http://www.megaupload.com/?d=HU320Z81
Part 2 - http://www.megaupload.com/?d=QN9C560Z
Checksums of bt5.img
MD5 = 863e6db99e5207a81ad0df7d13998235
SHA1 = c84d8f27df8b9b51059e5a6b09e65853f11de970
7zip required to extract.
Just over 1gb packed, unpacked is 4.9gb.
========================
INFO
========================
This is my first release of a customized, working, mostly stable BT5.
Many things have been added, taken out, and configured to be used within the Android system. For a full list, please see the bottom of this post.
Mounting is different than most other linux .img installations, allowing for a full (and expandable) image.
V 0.2 Now has a swap file created when you run the mkdirectory script. This swap file is necessary, as with all my tests, When you run VNC with most of the major tools, there's a high chance of the phone running out of memory (im running no extra apps, completely stock Hyperdroid)
(if you have a swapfile already, you can say no to creating another, just make sure that the file is located at /data/bt and named btswap.)
**This image is in ext4, make sure your kernel supports it!**
**Everything tested on Hyperdroid-CM7 by pongster**
==============
INSTALLATION
==============
You need:
-Full Nandroid Backup in case something goes batty
-16gb HD2
-ext4 support on your ROM/kernel (lost my ext2 image due to my own stupidity, will create another matching one later)
-Linux on PC (to create the ext4 partition)
-Busybox (from market)
-VNC Viewer (from market) (optional)
FAT32/EXT4 Split card
---------------------
1.
Back up your HD2 and SDCard to safe places (off of the phone and sdcard)
2.
Boot your linux installation and open partition manager. erase all the partitions on yor SDcard. Then create them in this order.
1. FAT32 - size of this is total sdcard size minus 6.5g (for bt image) minus 100mb for aps2sd
2. ext2 - 100mb
3. ext4 - 6.5 gb
3.
Copy the bt5.img to the root of your third partition.
copy the bts folder to the root of your FAT32 partition.
4.
if this is your first time using this script/image, run the mkdirectory script first with
Code:
su
sh /pathtoscripts/mkdirectory
Load up your android terminal and type
Code:
su
cd /path/to/scripts
sh go
5.
Now it asks you if you want to log in to the console or start vnc automatically. (check log for port, usually 5901 or 5902)
DEFAULT VNC PASSWORD IS: toortoor
DEDICATED SDCARD
----------------
Same as everything above, minus the FAT32 partition.
"sh ded"
starts for dedicated SDcard instead of
"sh go"
Proper Shutdown Procedure
=====================
Stop script has been modified to shutdown backtrack and all of the (usual) programs that stop things from unmounting properly.
Exit any VNC connection you currently have.
1. Run sh stop (from your scripts location)
2. Reboot phone as a precaution.
One thing i did personally to make this easier was load the scripts onto /data/bt, so switching SDcards or locations doesnt matter.
(I also changed the terminal start directory to my scripts folder easy quick access)
=======================
Main Features I've gotten to work
=========================
-Clean mount/umount, as long as VNC and MySQL are killed BEFORE exiting the chroot - stop script kills these now
-Apps no longer disappear for good with sdcard removed, only disappear until SDcard is reinserted (apps2SD/loop device problem, any ideas?)
-MySQL for metasploit
-Metasploit working
-Armitage working, missing some "Attack" options (looking into it)
-Zenmap installed
-OpenVPN installed
-Traffic analysis possible with tcpdump (local only)
-Enables possibility for FakeAP attacks
-macchanger works (kinda, phone needs a reboot for original MAC to return)
-Armitage Launcher placed on Desktop (takes a while to load, be patient)
-Terminal Launchers in various places (updating may randomly remove your terminal, synaptic placed on desktop as standby to redownload terminals
-guake installed (drop down Terminal, makes commands easier to see while working) (not configured to a key yet)
This probably works with other Android phones too. If you change the scripts, and as long as it has a external SDcard you can partition.
if your using a different phone, this is untested unless specified otherwise.
-boot and shutdown scripts run clean as long as VNC and MySQL are shut off(in almost all cases)
@ XDA
http://forum.xda-developers.com/show....php?t=1152994
PASSWORDS
------------
MySQL - user: root pass: toor
VNC - User: root pass:toortoor
sys pass - user:root pass:toor
(I know, standard ones, but this should answer a few questions)
===============================
Thanks
===============================
anantshri - for the original scripts and BT5 img for android
BT dev team - (of course )
and all of you
===============================
Information, bugs, and oddities
===============================
One important thing, While performing heavy operations, its normal for your screen to not turn on for a while if it turns off. Dont panic, just give it some time to finish whatever you were running and your phone will be back to normal again. DO NOT PULL THE BATTERY UNLESS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY.
To avoid this, get wakelock (known to cause problems) or set your screen timeout to some large number.
Swap file will help with alot of this.
These are the features I've tested out so far.
No major changes to anything, (except new packages) just configuring everything i see.
If you find anything you want added in or that is acting odd, please let me know. Same goes for if you fix something!!
Overall
-------
-Repo's activated, most things work (upstart processes fail, for now)
-startvnc and stopvnc no longer give that pesky USER error
-startvnc starts mysql database for metasploit
-stopvnc stops mysql (mostly, invoke ps -A and look for mysqld. Kill it with fire(-9) if need be)
-network traffic is capture-able with tcpdump, with wifi hotspot activated
-working on adding in a swap partition on sdcard (if possible)
-openoffice installed
-openVPN installed (the quieter you become...)
-Removed Zoho Web services
MySQL
-----
default user - root
default pass - toor
-Starts automatically with startvnc
-stops automatically with stopvnc
-start manually by invoking "mysqld"
-Only runs as root (for now)
-Console hangs when it is manually loaded or shutdown, service continues running though. killall --signal 9 mysqld if needed.
Metasploit
----------
-Loads up alright (45-90 seconds)
-MySQL already set as default DB
-Must manually connect to MySQL DB each instance of metasploit by invoking (from msf) db_connect root:[email protected]
-working on a possible way to limit cpu consumption to prevent system hangs(cpulimit does some nasty things)
-So far, this is the only connection string ive been able to get to work: root:[email protected]
Armitage
--------
-Takes forever to load (30 seconds for connect screen, 4 minutes or so for main client)
-Causes system hangs frequently (to minimize this, leave the vnc server on your screen, and set the display timeout to 10 minutes-switch it back when done to conserve battery life)
-So far, this is the only connection string ive been able to get to work: root:[email protected]
-Can Crash phone if running too big of an operation (Max Phone memory problem, fixed in v.2 with swapfile added)
Zenmap
------
-Slows phone down (incredibly bad with more complex scans, of course)
-Some Complex scanning options can crash phone (Nothing damaging has happened)
-will attempt to throttle cpu usage in the future
-Can Crash phone if running too big of an operation (Max Phone memory problem, fixed in v.2 with swapfile added)
Aircrack-ng suite
-----------------
-Aircrack-ng works
-Airodump-ng doesnt work (needs monitor)
-Airdecap-ng untested
-Airdecloak-ng untested
-Airbase-ng doesnt work (needs monitor)
-Airmon-ng doesnt work (needs monitor)
-Aireplay-ng doesnt work (needs monitor)
-Airdriver-ng doesnt work (yet)
-Airolib-ng works (doesnt do anything yet)
-Airserv-ng doesnt work (needs monitor)
-Airtun-ng doesnt work(needs monitor)
Plus lots of stuff for the future, stay tuned!!
http://forum.xda-developers.com/show....php?t=1152994
In the future
=========
-nessus
-Booting via HD2 Toolbox by d4n14l (sp?)
-Custom kernel (WAYYYY down the road, but working on it)
and more
--Copyrighted by z3n, 2011
(just kidding, but it looks good )
Looks good will give it a go.
Thanks for sahring
I we could get our wifi card into monitor mode --> awesome!!!!
Thanks to z3nful & everyone made this possible!
Enjoy everyone
The next release is going to be faster, stabler, and more useful
I'm also working on a round-about way for packet injection and monitor mode
Stay tuned
Sent from my Hyperdroid Pocket Laptop
cool.. good job man..
Are you trying to patch the wifi drivers ? =D
Holy crap.....this is a dream in the making Bring on monitor mode and packet injection
I've done some researches.. and found out that many devs have tried making the driver to work on the Monitor mode.. but they failed to do that.
It looks to me that Backtrack on HD2 is kinda useless.
Not useless, just last night I ganked my roommates computer with my phone
As far as monitor mode and injection go, sadly, they may be right that its not possible, but I got some ideas that may make it work, I just need to hammer out some kinks in BT first
And who needs monitor when you can fakeAP?
"Make them hand you the keys and you don't have to break their Window(s)™"
Sent from my Hyperdroid Pocket Laptop
A m a z i n g
Next release is going to be even better this 5gig image is almost full, so I'm going to expand it to 6gig, along with instructions on how to expand your own image if that's to large or want even more space.
Btw, Wine should be good to go in the next one
stay tuned!!
Sent from my HD2 "Pocket Laptop"
I would love to see some Sceenshots (or better: a video) here!
Lol will do, gotta go find my 10 year old Polaroid I've been using this phone or all my pics and videos, so this could be tricky
Sent from my HD2 "Pocket Laptop"
good to see development beyond just starting up the image... I would be taking some pointers from here for my device too....
hope you don't mind that....
Not at all, I've been trying to track down your name again so it can add you to the credits part, as the basis of the scripts was yours lol, I just changed the loops and mounting structures around a bit, and added some stability checks.
The scripts for this image are slightly out of date but I got new ones going up once I have time they should fix a few of the small eerrors people get while mounting
My next version is a little ways out (works gotten crazy busy lately) but it'll be out eventually
Sent from my HD2 Pocket Laptop
Not Booting!
Hi Thank you for sharings this up!!! this is like a dream for alot of people.
i have followed all your steps but i have a problem when i run the scripts, the folders dont get created because when i run go i get a bounch of folder not found.
my SD card had some differences is a 16GB
with
Fat32
Ext-sd/ EXT2 -->1GB
EXT3 --> 100MB
EXT4 --> 6.5GB
could this setup causing the script to look on the wrong partitions? i have alot of time with out playing with Shell scripting but i would like to know if that is the place i should start looking for a fix
-edit- just double checked (forgot scripts were on my phone... its been a long week lol) and you should just need to change the mount -t ext4 /dev/block/vold/179:3 to /dev/block/vold/179:4
Also, did you run the new mkdirectory script? If you have the one packaged with the image its out of date. The attachment on the fist post has the updated ones
Ignore all mmcblk's
For another "buffer" partition, you need t point the sdcard parts (mmcblk0p* and vold/179:*) to what yours are in /dev/block. In your case I think you just need to change any vold/179:3 to 179:4. If you go to /dev/block/vold it will have folders from each partition (they are numbered 0 and up, but 1 would be your fat32, 2 is ext2 so on and so forth)
When I'm near my computer ill figure out the full ones for you
Sent from my HD2 Pocket Laptop
can I get it for Htc desire..??
It should work, as long as you have a big enough sdcard, your phomes kernel suppers ext4, and you might have to change a few small variables
Sent from my HD2 Pocket Laptop

The HP Touchpad Sticky Master Thread

This is some of the info that I have put together and I figured it may help some of you also. Let me know if I need to add anything. Looking forward to working with this device. Hopefully the Devs will take an interest in it also. With these hardware specs I feel like they will. Anyway, carry on............
Dev/Config/Soft/Tools
CyanogenMod team Touchpad port
HP Site
SDK - Multiple Platforms Instructions
Command line tools
Java - WIndows 32 and 64 Bit Instructions
****Note - Be sure to add the Java Bin path to your Environment Variables PATH
Java - Linux
Bluetooth with Non-WebOS device
Enabling Developer Mode (Rooting)
How To: Connect TP to network shares​HW
Exploded and PCB
Quick sum up/start up guide Thanks KameoRE
Bill of Materials
Specs 16GB
Specs 32 GB
Repair Manual / Teardown
Comparisons​
Extra info
Enabling Developer Mode (Rooting)
In general, simply installing the Palm SDK gives you everything you need for full access to the Linux operating system on any webOS device. There is no special "rooting" or "jailbreaking" process. Simply installing the SDK provides you with unlimited access to the Linux operating system.
Download & install the Palm SDK for Linux, OS X or Windows.
Enable developer mode on the HP Touchpad:
Launch Device Info and tap its top-left menu.
Select "Custom Application..." and type in: ##3386633#
In the application, move the Developer Mode slider to the On position.
Tap Reset the Device.
When reset is complete, Developer mode is enabled.
Plug the device into the computer via the USB cable, and just close out the USB storage mode thing.
The next step varies:
Mac OS X / Linux: Type novaterm into terminal to directly access the Linux command line for the HP Touchpad.
Windows: you will need to download and install a novaterm program.
On Windows 32-bit, download novacom-win-32.tgz and install novacom with NovacomInstaller_x86.msi.
On Windows 64-bit, download novacom-win-64.tgz and install novacom with NovacomInstaller_x64.msi.
Then, just like the Mac and Linux users you can just type novaterm.
At this point you will have a window with a prompt that says [email protected]: or something similar.
You are now logged in as root on your webOS device and can do anything you would normally do on a Linux device.
DISCLAIMER: We cannot be held liable for any loss of data, damage, bricking, or other malfunctions of the device. We solely provide the information needed to achieve root access.
This quick sum up/start up guide might come handy:
http://forums.precentral.net/hp-touchpad/293028-new-touchpad-heres-your-get-started-guide.html
[Q] What is wrong with my touchpad?
RESET: Hold Power Button & Home Button until the tablet resets.
Doing the above solved the below issue.
My touchpad won't turn on I used it until it had about 30 % battery last night, but didn't put it to charge. When I woke up this morning, it was at 28% battery. I used it to check facebook and xda, locked it and put it down to watch the price is right but when I went to use it again, none of the buttons unlocked it. I plugged it into mulitple outlets and held the power button for about 30 seconds each time, but nothing is happening I don't know what to do. Can anybody help?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
solution #2
this happened twice:
plug it in to pc
open webos quick install
tools - command line
type "reboot" and hit enter
Bill of Materials
$318 Bill of Materials
Comparisons
Comparisons
Exploded and PCB
Exploded and PCB
First non-webOS phone to be fully tetherd with HP TouchPad
First non-webOS phone to be fully tetherd with HP TouchPad
Worked for me, I had to fool with it a couple of times to get it to work. My screenshot is attached
The messaging does not work but the phone calls do.
How To: Connect TP to network shares
How To: Connect TP to network shares
spud101
Member
Join Date: Jun 2004
Location: Netherlands
Posts: 574
Likes: 34
Thanks: 43
Thanked 69 Times in 34 Posts
Updated (Sep 7th 2011):
Rewritten to include a method for stock kernel, make shares usable for KalemSoft Media Player & automount at (re)boot. Thx to everybody who contributed to this thread! (Under construction, finished later)
Updated (Aug 9th 2011): processed some comments from this thread and the fact that uberkernel now also supports CIFS (& NFS).
Prerequisites:
- HP Touchpad, webOS 3.0.2 or later.
- One of the following Kernels:
---- Stock kernel
---- Uberkernel 3.0.2-52 or later (Next to support for CIFS & NFS this kernel also supports UTF-8. More info here: WebOS Internals Uber-Kernel
---- F15C,.. (completed later)
- Terminal access to your TP, either via webOS Quick Install or Xecutah + Xserver + Xterm (install from preware)
- Internalz Pro with show hidden files set to yes
Three parts:
This guide has three parts:
Basic Mounting
Mounting with shares visible in apps like Kalemsoft Media Player
"Sticky" mounting: Auto mount at (re)boot
Definitions:
hostIP = IP address of the computer or NAS you want to connect to. You can use hostnames too, but need to also edit /etc/hosts then.
sharename = The share name you want to connect to as configured on your computer/NAS
mountpoint-path = as discussed above, e.g. /mnt/nas
cifs = type of filesystem to mount (cifs is better version of smbfs, I've been told)
auto (or can also be noauto) auto/noauto determines if the share is mounted automatically at startup.
username & password = share login credentials. There are probably safer ways to do this instead of having this plain text on your device, anyone can tell me how to do that?
rw = access mode, in this case read & write, other possibilities exist too
The numbers have someting to do with filesystem check at boot.
1a: Basic Mounting (without fstab)
- Create a mountpoint, a path where the share will be accessible, e.g. /mnt/nas or /mnt/media/internal/nas I used Internalz Pro in master mode for this.
- In a terminal type:
mount.cifs //<hostIP>/<sharename> <mountpoint-path> -o username=<username>,password=<password>
Example: mount.cifs //10.0.1.26/DataVolume /mnt/Shared -o username=foo,password=bar
1b: Basic Mounting (with fstab, not supported by stock kernel)
To be finished later
2: Mounting with shares visible in apps like Kalemsoft Media Player
To be finished later
For now please refer to:
Road to Success - How to allow NAS to show up under /media/internal on Touchpad Apps?
How To: Connect TP to network shares
How To: Connect TP to network shares
3: "Sticky" mounting: Auto mount at (re)boot
To be finished later
For now please refer to:
Road to Success - Mounting SAMBA/CIFS Permanently on Touchpad
-------------------------------
Original post:
In short: The stock kernel on a webOS 3.0.2 Touchpad does not support CIFS. Or at least I didn't get it to work just the same way I do get it to work out of the box on a 1.4.5 Pre-.
Then I saw this thread: F15B & F15C test kernels
It says CIFS support! So I hesitantly installed this experimental F15C kernel, quickly ran Govnah to set max speed to 1.5 GHz (I don't want no real overclocking beyond this speed). But, YES, it does work, I now can access my NAS!
After I initially posted this thread webosinternals also added support for CIFS (& NFS) to the uberkernel (as of version 3.0.2-36). Thanks a lot for that guys!!
So how to go about:
- Install the F15C kernel from the testing kernel feed
The rest is standard linux stuff for mounting Samba shares:
- Create a mountpoint, a path where the share will be accessible, e.g. /mnt/nas or /mnt/media/internal/nas I used Internalz Pro in master mode for this.
- Open /etc/fstab again you can use Internalz Pro in master mode for this
Add a line:
//<hostIP>/<sharename> <mountpoint-path> cifs auto,username=<username>,password=<password>,rw 0 0
hostIP = IP address of the computer or NAS you want to connect to. You can use hostnames too, but need to also edit /etc/hosts then.
sharename = The share name you want to connect to as configured on your computer/NAS
mountpoint-path = as discussed above, e.g. /mnt/nas
cifs = type of filesystem to mount (cifs is better version of smbfs, I've been told)
auto (or can also be noauto) auto/noauto determines if the share is mounted automatically at startup.
username & password = share login credentials. There are probably safer ways to do this instead of having this plain text on your device, anyone can tell me how to do that?
rw = access mode, in this case read & write, other possibilities exist too
The numbers have someting to do with filesystem check at boot.
- Save the file
- Open a terminal
- type in this command:
mount -t cifs //<hostIP>/<sharename> <mountpoint-path> -o username=<username>,password=<password>
No idea whether all the -o options are still needed, as they are in the fstab line already as well.
Apparently mount -a should also mount your shares inside fstab. But for me that didn't work, maybe because I have it set to noauto.
This should do it.
Unmounting as follows:
umount <mountpoint-path> e.g. umount /mnt/nas
Note: as soon as you have a kernel running that supports CIFS, you can also use the xt tools. See this thread and the threads referenced inside it. samba filesharing - install/support thread
The xt tools will take over all the fstab editing and directory creation.
I agree this is still cumbersome. On an Android phone for example this is buildin in every decent filemanager. So I really, really hope that either or both Gemini and Internals HD will have some easy solution for this (both configuring and the actual mounting/unmounting). Or a solution straight from HP, this is also aimed at enterprise market after all!
Last edited by spud101; 09/08/2011 at 07:41 PM.
Thanked by 60milesmile, cookie_42, El_Titi, flyers333, ichi2k, Major Payne, mivoligo, Nightburn, obarthelemy, PF Graham, phil71, pre101, RickNeff, runner77, sf3000, sjp770, sps_2k1, tabaloos, teng_lin, thomaz, timjhenry, tlaswell​
Weird shortcut to USB mode
Has anybody else seen this?
While connected to PC in "just charging" mode I reached out and accidentally hit the Volume Down and Power buttons at the same time. The TouchPad instantly switched to USB Storage mode.
Interesting behavior and I couldn't seem to find any mention of it anywhere.
PreCentral had it as a tip on their web site about a week ago and I spotted it there - http://www.precentral.net/access-usb-mode-touchpad.
Quite a few other useful titbits crop up on there - it is worth following. I use the webOS News app from the App Catalog. That gives heads-up on the free software codes as well.
dmarchant said:
PreCentral had it as a tip on their web site about a week ago and I spotted it there - http://www.precentral.net/access-usb-mode-touchpad.
Quite a few other useful titbits crop up on there - it is worth following. I use the webOS News app from the App Catalog. That gives heads-up on the free software codes as well.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
LOL, I think you mean "TIDBITS."
Too bad there is no reverse version of this.

[TOOLS] [LINUX, MAC, WINDOWS] Knives & Forks - v. 12.02.04

Knives & Forks
WHAT IS IT?
Knives & Forks is a set of Android tools for everyone. Every operating system, every device.
This cross-platform Android toolkit, written in Python, that is designed to work in Linux, Mac OS X or Windows. I wanted to create something that was unique, and offered a consistent and feature-filled set of tools for Android devs no matter what operating system they use, and for as many Android devices as possible.
WHAT DOES IT DO?
I just started work on this project, so it doesn't do very much yet. Right now we are just focusing on getting drivers and adb installed for as many devices as we can on all three platforms. Once we have adb working for everyone, the real fun can begin as we start to add more device tools that will make use of adb, such as rooting. Eventually ROM customization tools will be added, but we are focusing on device tools and cross-platform compatibility at this time.
View the changelog to see a list of included drivers. The only device that I can confirm is compatible with this script in Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows is the Samsung Galaxy S II, Sprint Epic 4G Touch. This just so happens to be my personal phone, but as I gather feedback I will create an official list of supported devices.
WHERE DO I GET IT?
This project is now being hosted by the Android Creative Syndicate. An up to date link to the most current version of the script, installation instructions for Linux, Max OS , and Windows, and other information can be found HERE. Registration is not required at the ACS forum to download or view installation instructions. You are free to reply in the thread you are reading right now if you don't want to register for another forum.
I HAVE IT INSTALLED, NOW WHAT?
You should be able to open up your terminal application (or command prompt) and run some adb commands. In the future we will be automating adb commands for you, but for now you can try the following as a simple test:
Code:
adb reboot
If everything worked, your Android device should reboot. For further reading on what you can do with adb you can read THIS PAGE.
HOW TO SUPPORT THIS PROJECT
FEEDBACK
Download my script, test it, let me know what happens. Let me know what other features/tools I should add.
THANKS
Hit the thanks button if you like what I'm doing here.
DONATIONS - I don't currently have a link to send me money, but I could quickly set something up if somebody decides they want to help me feed my kid. I am recently unemployed, but I am not relying on my scripting skills to feed my family. Save your cash for a more worthy project, or tuck it away and wait until the project turns into something amazing.
INFORMATION
TELL ME ABOUT YOUR ANDROID DEVICES!
If my script isn't getting adb setup for your device, let me know where to download the correct Windows driver and/or what udev rules I need to add in Linux.
The next phase of this project will be automating the rooting process. If you know the process for rooting your device, please share the details.
HOW TO REPLY TO THIS THREAD
Please do not reply by saying something like "This looks awesome, I'm going to download it now!".
Just download it, test it out, and then tell me about it.
If my script works for you, please don't post something like "It worked for me, this is the best thing since sliced bread!".
At the moment all my script will do is install adb and drivers for your device. In order to test please uninstall any drivers you may have already installed, run my script, then reply with the following information:
Operating System (including version and 32-bit or 64-bit architecture)
Android Device
If you open up a terminal/command prompt window and enter the following command, does your device reboot? If not, do you receive any error messages (while running that command or at any phase of running the Kinves & Forks script)?
Code:
adb reboot
CHANGELOG
Code:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Knives & Forks: Changelog
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The most current version is available for download from:
http://knivesandforks.info/releases/knives-and-forks-current.php
**** 12.02.04 ****
http://knivesandforks.info/releases/knives-and-forks-12.02.04.php
- LINUX CHANGES:
-- "python2" is now called by "Knives-and-Forks-Linux.sh" instead of "python" on Arch.
- This prevents starting the script with Python 3, which results in errors.
-- Changes to "scripts/linux/install-adb-linux.sh":
- "su" will be used if "sudo" is not installed, or user doesn't have permissions to use it.
- Added 32-bit libs for more 64-bit distros:
- Arch (new in this release)
- CentOS (new in this release)
- Debian
- Fedora (new in this release)
- Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Xubuntu
- Added Debian version of '/etc/udev/rules.d/99-android.rules'
- Added '/lib/udev/rules.d/92-permissions.rules' for Debian.
This should fix permissions, allowing adb to run without sudo or su.
- WINDOWS CHANGES:
-- Fixed a couple of missing quotes which were breaking things under Windows XP
- "%userprofile%" was coming back as "c:\documents" instead of "c:\documents and settings\username" in a couple of places
-- "c:\python27" is now the only directory where we look for python.exe
- It is faster to download and install Python to "c:\Python27" than it is to search for it elsewhere.
- This will also prevent issues where Python 3 was installed instead of Python 2, since the script currently gives errors under Python 3.
-- Updated amd64 and x86 versions of setx.exe for updating system PATH on XP/VISTA/7
-- PATH is updated with adb.exe location after Python is installed.
-- The computer will now reboot after updating the PATH, to make sure it will be updated before running the main program.
**** 12.01.27 ****
http://knivesandforks.info/releases/knives-and-forks-12.01.27.php
- GENERAL CHANGES:
-- After adb is installed, adb will reset the android device by running "adb reboot" instead of displaying a list of attached devices with "adb devices".
adb was occasionally reporting no devices were attached, when they infact were. When this happened "adb reboot" still worked, so it is a better test to see if adb is setup properly.
-- Friendlier messages during adb install and testing
-- Added a startup check to make sure the script is running from the correct directory
-- Removed empty Project directory, as it is not being used yet.
- LINUX CHANGES:
-- Added support for "lxterminal" and "urxvt" in "Knifes-and-Forks-Linux.sh"
-- Changed idVendors for Linux udev rules to lowercase instead of uppercase.
- WINDOWS CHANGES:
-- Startup script searches for python in "C:\Program Files (x86)" then "C:\Program Files" and "c:\" last.
-- Drivers should now install even if the language is not English
-- Added drivers for Casio C771 G'zOne Commando
-- Added LG drivers
-- Replaced setx.exe
**** 12.01.25 ****
http://knivesandforks.info/releases/knives-and-forks-12.01.25.php
- Replaced "Knives-and-Forks-Mac.sh" with "Knives-and-Forks-Mac.app".
Starting the script on a Mac should now be as simple as double-clicking the new .app file.
**** 12.01.24 ****
http://knivesandforks.info/releases/knives-and-forks-12.01.24.php
- Fixed a typo which caused the script to crash when viewing the credits screen.
- Smarter python fix for Windows users.
-- "C:\" and all sub-directories are searched for python.exe.
-- If python is not not found, it will be downloaded from python.org and installed to c:\python27.
-- If python is found (in "C:\python27", "c:\python", "c:\xyz123", "c:\program files\python27" or in any directory with any name anywhere on drive c:) the main menu script will launch.
- Added changelog.txt to the release .zip file.
**** 12.01.23 ****
http://knivesandforks.info/releases/knives-and-forks-12.01.23.php
- Minor update to fix Python installation for Windows users, which was causing the script not to launch.
**** 12.01.22 ****
(FIRST PUBLIC RELEASE)
http://knivesandforks.info/releases/knives-and-forks-12.01.22.php
- Added option to install adb & fastboot for Linux, Windows, Mac
- Added Linux drivers for:
-- ACER
-- ASUS
-- DELL
-- FOXCONN
-- GARMIN-ASUS
-- Google
-- Hisense
-- HTC
-- HUAWEI
-- K-TOUCH
-- KT Tech
-- KYOCERA
-- LENEVO
-- LG
-- MOTOROLA
-- NEC
-- NOOK
-- NVIDIA
-- OTGV
-- PANTECH
-- PEGATRON
-- PHILIPS
-- PMC-SIERRA
-- QUALCOMM
-- SK TELESYS
-- SAMSUNG
-- SHARP
-- SONY ERICSSON
-- TOSHIBA
-- ZTE
- Added Mac drivers for:
-- Nothing. According to Google, "It just works." Let me know if they are right.
- Added a custom Windows installer with drivers for:
-- GOOGLE
-- HTC
-- HUAWEI
-- SAMSUNG
WHERE DID THE OLD POSTS GO?
In an attempt to reduce unnecessary clutter in my original thread, I created supporting threads in each Android device forum. The whole reason behind posting so many times was to keep certain information in the Chef Central post, and certain information out of it in an effort to reduce clutter. Who wants to read through 50 pages of how this, that, and the other thing is or isn't working on devices that you don't own? That system appeared to work very well, but apparently I broke the rules by posting in every Android device forum.
Learn from my mistakes, don't post similarly worded posts all over the place!
ATTENTION PYTHON PROGRAMMERS:
Any idea on what I can do to make the Python files work in Python 2 and Python 3? I have only tested in Python 2.7.2, but I have received reports that Python 3 gives errors. I'm not really doing anything all that fancy, so I'm not sure if something is just a matter or new syntax or something else needs to be imported or what. Any help would be appreciated.
The next release will call "python2" for Arch Linux users since "python" will use python 3.
ATTENTION LINUX USERS:
I am currently testing my Knives & Forks script in some virtual machines using VirtualBox, as well as my local Xubuntu installation.
For distro specific things (installing 32-bit libs, udev changes, etc) in the next release I will be detecting the distro using the following code:
Code:
echo " -- DETECTING LINUX DISTRO --"
if [ "`cat /etc/issue | grep Arch | wc -l`" == "1" ]; then
DISTRO_NAME="Arch"
elif [ "`cat /etc/issue | grep Cent | wc -l`" == "1" ]; then
DISTRO_NAME="CentOS"
elif [ "`cat /etc/issue | grep Debian | wc -l`" == "1" ]; then
DISTRO_NAME="Debian"
elif [ "`cat /etc/issue | grep Fedora | wc -l`" == "1" ]; then
DISTRO_NAME="Fedora"
elif [ "`cat /etc/issue | grep Ubuntu | wc -l`" == "1" ]; then
# DETECTS UBUNTU, KUBUNTU, XUBUNTU, ETC
DISTRO_NAME="Ubuntu"
else
DISTRO_NAME="UNKNOWN"
fi
echo " - $DISTRO_NAME"
Please let me know what other distros your using and if you are able to find the name using the "/etc/issue" method I am using in the above if statements.
I wrote a bash function to check if sudo is installed, and then to see if the current user has permissions to use sudo. If sudo is not installed, or if the current user does not have permission to use it, su will be used instead. This will be included in my next update, but I wanted to post it here first:
Code:
echo " -- CHECKING TO SEE IF 'SUDO' IS INSTALLED --"
CURRENT_USER=$USER
USE_SUDO="NO"
if [ -f "/usr/bin/sudo" ]; then
echo " - 'sudo' is installed."
echo ""
echo " -- CHECKING FOR PERMISSION TO USE 'SUDO' --"
echo ""
echo " If prompted, enter the password for the user '$CURRENT_USER'."
echo ""
if [ "$(sudo whoami)" != "root" ]; then
echo ""
echo " - Sorry, '$CURRENT_USER' does not have permission to use 'sudo'."
echo " - 'su' will be uses instead of 'sudo'."
echo ""
else
echo " - '$CURRENT_USER' has permission to use 'sudo'."
USE_SUDO="YES"
echo ""
fi
else
echo " - 'sudo' is not installed."
echo " - 'su' will be used instead of 'sudo'."
echo ""
fi
DO_SU()
{
echo ""
if [ $USE_SUDO == "YES" ]; then
# echo " -- USING 'SUDO' TO RUN '$1' --"
echo ""
echo " If prompted, enter the password for the user '$CURRENT_USER'."
echo ""
sudo $1
else
# echo " -- USING 'SU' TO RUN '$1' --"
echo ""
echo " If prompted, enter the password for the user 'root'."
echo ""
su -c "$1"
fi
echo ""
}
# EXAMPLE USAGE OF THE DO_SU() FUNCTION:
# NOTE THAT THE COMMAND TO RUN WITH SU OR SUDO HAS TO BE IN QUOTES
DO_SU "whoami"
I also found out why debian users were being forced to use sudo or su in order to use adb. The next release will include this fix, but for those who might be interested in making this change manually:
Open "/lib/udev/rules.d/91-permissions.rules" as root (su or sudo) in your favorite text editor and find this line
Code:
usbfs-like devices SUBSYSTEM==”usb”, ENV{DEVTYPE}==”usb_device”, \ MODE=”0664″
Change MODE to "0666"
Code:
usbfs-like devices SUBSYSTEM==”usb”, ENV{DEVTYPE}==”usb_device”, \ [B]MODE=”0666“[/B]
Instead of replacing or modifying your "/lib/udev/rules.d/91-permissions.rules" file, the next version of my script will actually create a "/lib/udev/rules.d/92-permissions.rules" for Debian users that contains only the following:
Code:
# usbfs-like devices
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ENV{DEVTYPE}=="usb_device", \
MODE="0666"
This file will load right after the 91-permissions.rules and replace just the usbfs-like devices settings. I'm just doing this with my script so I don't accidently break anything on your system. If you are making the changes manually, editing the 91-permissions.rules file should be all you need to do.
Save your changes and then restart udev as root (using sudo or su)
Code:
/etc/init.d/udev restart
-- or --
Code:
service udev restart
This assumes of course that you already have a working udev rule for your android device, and that adb is working only with su or sudo currently. Once this change is made you should be able to use adb without being forced to use su or sudo.
First post updated with latest release, version 12.02.04.
Lots of changes for XP and various Linux distros. See changelog for more information, but things should work better in Arch, CentOS, Debian, Fedora, and Ubuntu (including Kubuntu, Xubuntu, etc).
Hi, I just downloaded the latest file (12.02.04) but it's only 4 KB.
Could you check please?
Thank you!
Trying to unzip the file in Ubuntu 11.10 and this what I get:
Archive: knives-and-forks-12.02.04.zip
End-of-central-directory signature not found. Either this file is not
a zipfile, or it constitutes one disk of a multi-part archive. In the
latter case the central directory and zipfile comment will be found on
the last disk(s) of this archive.
unzip: cannot find zipfile directory in one of knives-and-forks-12.02.04.zip or
knives-and-forks-12.02.04.zip.zip, and cannot find knives-and-forks-12.02.04.zip.ZIP, period.
Any help?
I had a typo in the .zip filename, so if you tried to download the file yesterday you basically just downloaded an error message that the .php counter script gave when it couldn't find the file. I will have to take a look at that later because it is supposed to display the message not make you download it.
The problem is now fixed, sorry about that.
Thanks for update.
Downloaded and installed.
Now I can adb from linux.
Have one more question. I hope you can help me with that as well.
I don't see my device (E4GT) as external hard drive or USB drive when debuging is on to copy files to it.
When debuging is off it shows 2 Android devices but when I click on them I'm getting this message:
Error initializing camera: -60: Could not lock the device
Any ideas?
My guess is maybe they didn't get unmounted properly that last time you had it plugged in, but I have no idea why you would get an error message about the camera. I have not seen that one.
Try installing Dropbox and backing up anything important, then formatting the sdcard and try mounting again.
Maybe somebody else has had that error and has a better idea,
I'll try to format sd card tonight when I get home.
But what would be the problem with internal storage?
And what should or could I try to proper mount it?
agat63 said:
I'll try to format sd card tonight when I get home.
But what would be the problem with internal storage?
And what should or could I try to proper mount it?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
First thing to check is that it isn't ROM related. Boot into recovery and try to mount as a usb drive and see if it works or not. If it does, I would say wipe and flash another ROM. If it doesn't work from recovery, then it could be a result of not unmounting before unplugging from your computer.
Sometimes if you have your phone mounted as a USB drive, or even just a regular flash drive, and it you unplug it before it is done unmounting (or if you don't use the safely remove hardward feature of Windows) the filesystem can get trashed. It hasn't happened alot with me, and I have seen the problem happen mostly when a flash drive is unplugged before the OS can finish writing to it.
After you get all of your important stuff backed up somewhere like dropbox, reboot into your recovery and repartition the sd card and/or your internal storage, whatever is giving you the problem. When you reboot into android you should be able to use it as normal, and dropbox should automatically copy everything back that you backed up.
This problem isn't really related to my script, so I if you can't get the issue resolved make a new post in Android QA or somewhere else. PM me if you post elsewhere and I can see if I can help you out there.
I didn't mean to say that the problem is related to your script.
Your script works just fine and I'm able to adb.
I'm kinda new to linux and still learning it.
I needed help and advise for how to connect phone to pc in linux.
It works in windows for me.
When I get on my PC I'm gnats give this awhirl. Ad for your mounting disk drives if ur on any ics rom it wont and I don't know how to enlighten me someone but if its gingerb then make sure u mount with the phones option when u plug in on ur handset ther should be some kind of way to switch between teather, disk and charge only? Wat fone u got?
Does this knife and forks compile? What does it do? Sorry to sound like a knob.
Sent from my GT-I9100 using XDA Premium App
This worked for my att gs2.
Sent from my GT-I9100 using Tapatalk
By using the Android Font you are violating their copyright rules. But you are free to modify the Android Robot, as long as you refer to them and say that you have permission.
Bad-Wolf said:
By using the Android Font you are violating their copyright rules. But you are free to modify the Android Robot, as long as you refer to them and say that you have permission.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The post where I found the font said it was an Android logo inspired font, and not the actual android logo font.
I have changed the font I'm using, and have updated my logo graphic to fight off any further concerns.
Colliebudz said:
Does this knife and forks compile? What does it do? Sorry to sound like a knob.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
At the moment it simply automates getting adb setup on Linux, Mac, and Linux.
I have plans to add support for device rooting next, followed by some other adb commands, then rom customization tools as the last stage of development.
Pushing files to the phone, running shell commands, etc, requires that adb is setup properly, so that is where the focus is at right now. Getting the adb & driver installation scripts setup to run on all three platforms is also helping take care of some general troubleshooting, which is good to get out of the way before the main script gets tons of extra features.
All of this info should be in the first post, I'll try to clarify things when I make the next update.
Waddle said:
This worked for my att gs2.
Sent from my GT-I9100 using Tapatalk
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks for the feedback. What OS?

[Q] [question] can I put kali on gt-5830i ?

can i put kali on my device??
if so, how?
@AlfredoAAA, The answer is NO . This is the matter of particularity , even If you did meet all of the requirements I would explain later . I am using the sequel of this Popular continuation of Backtrack 5 R3 on my Multi-Boot system for penetration testing and still got problem with my medium custom made bulid ( specially GPU for all injection and compiling \/ coding/scanning/etc etc,,,) Now imagine how on earth this Debian development based going to work on your even most powerful Nexus/Galaxy Note ,,,,,,
Requirements :
- At least 7 GB free on your internal SD card
- Kali Linux custom ARM image dedicated for your device infrastructure >>
Kali Linux has ARM repositories integrated with the mainline distribution so tools for ARM will be updated in conjunction with the rest of the distribution. Kali is currently available for the following ARM devices :
rk3306 mk/ss808
Raspberry Pi
ODROID U2/X2
Samsung Chromebook
EfikaMX
Beaglebone Black
CuBox
Galaxy Note 10.1
- Custom made recovery image for your device form the developer site
- Custom kernel patched for injection in case of wireless assessments for example.
This is quite off topic though , but I am going to share some practical method for medium to powerful devices such as Nexus line ( might be [email protected] related section though,, didn't check it) , which does not require physical installation of Canonical production line.
With the help of the attached app ( released by the same company ) , you can get your Dual boot inside your Android phone ( i,e: Nexus 7/5/,,,,,) .
We’ll need to use the Linux distribution Ubuntu to get this to work, however you won’t need to install it.
Requirements : 3 GB of free space on your device , as it needs this much to actually download and run the OS.
Instructions :
1. Create a live Disc >> Ubuntu website;download the latest desktop OS ( comes with ISO file ); Create your USB stick boot able device with the help of UNetbootin or any device you do prefer though.
2. Boot into Ubuntu >> you know the drill >> Boot your PC with USB attached; Bios choose to boot from your stick USB > After selecting , choose Try Ubuntu. It will boot into it straight from USB without installing anything literally.
3. Put the attached file into Home Folder in the File system . Open up Terminal ( assuming you have rudimentary knowledge of command line in Linux )
Type :
Code:
$ chmod +x dualboot.sh
4. We need to install Correct ADB and dependencies over company's portal through our terminal, which is included in one piece of software.
Type:
Code:
$ sudo apt-get install phablet-tools
and choose "Y" in following scene
5.Connect your Device to your PC; USB Debugging enabled through your settings>Developer. In the terminal from earlier session,
Type to install the app:
Code:
$ ./dualboot.sh
Device will be rebooted couple of times i guess upon completion
6. Ignore anything about loosing root and just press the power button once to reboot.
Once you are back into Android , open your brand new Ubuntu Dual Boot app.
7. Now we need a super fast internet and lots of patient to get through 3GB download .
From within the app, press the greyed out 'Choose which channel to install' to bring up the options. Check 'bootstrap' and scroll down to 'utopic' so you get the recommended
version of the OS. Press install.
8. During installation you'll have to grant SU permission and after a while you will be done. Press 'Reboot to Ubuntu' ( grayed out option) and your device will be booted into Ubuntu Touch OS. ( again ignore any Android identifiers while booting ).
9. Now lets Return to Android : ( Tip :Using Power button to turn it off and on again will allow you to always boot back into Android) and with the reboot button on the app you can get back into OS Touch . please pay attention in this method your Android OS will not be wiped in the process.
As usual , I am not responsible for any kind of device meltdown, possible Bricking ,, etc etc ,, All credits goes to Ubuntu developer team.

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