Kali Nethunter is a mobile penetration testing suite. It's available for the Nexus 5 and a few other devices. I wander if anyone could port it to the Moto E Surnia as that would be nice to have.
Here is the wrong place man
I never heard this name before
Sent from my XT1521 using XDA-Developers mobile app
Why does it sound like KaliOS Linux?
FanboyStudios said:
Kali Nethunter is a mobile penetration testing suite. It's available for the Nexus 5 and a few other devices. I wander if anyone could port it to the Moto E Surnia as that would be nice to have.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I could if you put up a bounty for it....
PseudoDev said:
I could if you put up a bounty for it....
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
What exactly does NetHunter do? I'm doing some research on it but I'm not understanding it... Does it penetrate WPA2 net security? Or is it for some other purpose?
NonfatGinger said:
What exactly does NetHunter do? I'm doing some research on it but I'm not understanding it... Does it penetrate WPA2 net security? Or is it for some other purpose?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Ever seen a pocket knife? If Kali is a huge arsenal of knives, Kali nethunter is a pocket edition of that. My experience with Kali was fine, but its not really wise to use as a daily driver. The idea of having a phone or PC which will act as a hack station is pretty mouthwatering, but it eventually gets you. I'm not sure if net hunter can crack wpa2 security, but if it does, most WiFi crackers act by using bruteforce and cracking a password with bruteforce is very slim. And net hunter although claims to be stable enough, is still in testing stage. If you want and it, it's fine. But I would prefer sticking to normal google based builds. :laugh:
NonfatGinger said:
What exactly does NetHunter do? I'm doing some research on it but I'm not understanding it... Does it penetrate WPA2 net security? Or is it for some other purpose?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
A bounty huh..... I don't have money, however I do have a paid app I could giveaway. What it does is encrypt text with a password you choose offline. You can use it to send messages securely over any service like facebook, twitter, sms, ect. You can use it to save private notes on your device (for example a list of your usernames and passwords, or a "Death Note" if you're into to that anime stuff lol).
Kali Nethunter is a slew of penetration testing tools. Tools that could be used to do a number of different things. I've used Kali on desktop to do forensics on my pc, hack wifi, create qr codes for social engineering, ect.
SykkNyzz said:
Why does it sound like KaliOS Linux?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Because it's basically the mobile version of Kali Linux.
PseudoDev said:
Ever seen a pocket knife? If Kali is a huge arsenal of knives, Kali nethunter is a pocket edition of that. My experience with Kali was fine, but its not really wise to use as a daily driver. The idea of having a phone or PC which will act as a hack station is pretty mouthwatering, but it eventually gets you. I'm not sure if net hunter can crack wpa2 security, but if it does, most WiFi crackers act by using bruteforce and cracking a password with bruteforce is very slim. And net hunter although claims to be stable enough, is still in testing stage. If you want and it, it's fine. But I would prefer sticking to normal google based builds. :laugh:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think it may be able to crack wifi. On the desktop version, there are several ways of attacking wifi access points (examples: WPS Pin Attack, Dictionary [kali comes with some, one of them has over a million passwords], bruteforce of course, rainbow tables, ect.)
FanboyStudios said:
I think it may be able to crack wifi. On the desktop version, there are several ways of attacking wifi access points (examples: WPS Pin Attack, Dictionary [kali comes with some, one of them has over a million passwords], bruteforce of course, rainbow tables, ect.)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Fine, I will do it for free but you gotta wait...not because you didn't pay but...unless someone else doesn't take up your project, it will take about a month till I get my band width at the best speed. Until that, its too slow to get the sources and build one. Porting from one device to another is easy...but Creating one from the source is a time taking process (Not to mention the bug fixing). Also, I used Kali for a week until fedora became my daily driver. I think you are talking about fern WiFi cracker right? Used it. It primarily depends upon a dictionary and uses those to crack...its some form of brute force. If you crack WiFi by it then you are just lucky. I could never get a WiFi cracked. Besides, it also needs a network handshake which is possible only if multiple devices are connect to the WiFi. Never really worked for me .... But i f it did .... Good for you :laugh:
Anyways, if you could like, wait till 24th of July, I could give you the build...until that, you either have to wait or find a new dev.
PseudoDev said:
Fine, I will do it for free but you gotta wait...not because you didn't pay but...unless someone else doesn't take up your project, it will take about a month till I get my band width at the best speed. Until that, its too slow to get the sources and build one. Porting from one device to another is easy...but Creating one from the source is a time taking process (Not to mention the bug fixing). Also, I used Kali for a week until fedora became my daily driver. I think you are talking about fern WiFi cracker right? Used it. It primarily depends upon a dictionary and uses those to crack...its some form of brute force. If you crack WiFi by it then you are just lucky. I could never get a WiFi cracked. Besides, it also needs a network handshake which is possible only if multiple devices are connect to the WiFi. Never really worked for me .... But i f it did .... Good for you :laugh:
Anyways, if you could like, wait till 24th of July, I could give you the build...until that, you either have to wait or find a new dev.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'm perfectly fine with waiting... shoot i'm even waiting for CM13 for this device to become Stable, as of now they are nightlies and I have some minor issues with it. It does certainly beat stock though!
As for brute forcing, it will always work if it has the time and the proper configuration. Brute forcing tests for every password possible.
Thank you very much!
FanboyStudios said:
I'm perfectly fine with waiting... shoot i'm even waiting for CM13 for this device to become Stable, as of now they are nightlies and I have some minor issues with it. It does certainly beat stock though!
As for brute forcing, it will always work if it has the time and the proper configuration. Brute forcing tests for every password possible.
Thank you very much!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yup, brute force works with every password possible...
That's the problem. I don't know your age but I presume you have been in highschool by now. You must have read a chapter in maths named permutations and combinations? That's how bruteforce works. Even for a 4 digit pass word it tries all possible digits. And for that, if you try the combinations, its coming about 6561 combinations. That's a lot. And now a days, passwords are not less than 10 digits.
So its 3486784401 many combinations. If it even takes as less as 0.1 sec for each combo, it will take up to 968551.2225 hrs! With those many possible combinations, if you get it , you are lucky. Providing a pre-made dictionary helps but not much. In my country, we use our personal 10 digit phone numbers. That's something a general dictionary won't have, well, you have seen how many combos are possible. And if the password has characters and numbers....i just don't know...a century?
Kali nethunter is an app that downloads and installs all the necessary files to run in a chroot that it also downloads and sets up for you from within the app. There's not really a need to port it since it works fine on some Roms for surnia already. I'm running the marshmallow version right now in fact, the only problem I have is space needed on internal storage to install all the tools I want and the desktop environment I want but I'm looking for solutions. Another problem is since we won't be running on the hardware it was designed for we won't get allot of the wireless tools to work since the kernel(s) for our device aren't officially supported. The best thing I think to port if anything would be the required kernel to our device then go from there. However we should still be able to use other tools that have armhf or armel architecture which will still be fewer than a full Kali distro running on a PC, so another thing I'm playing with is installing the i386 and AMD64 versions using Linux deploy, without much success yet but I'll either get it eventually or figure out why it's not possible right now.
t83wood said:
Kali nethunter is an app that downloads and installs all the necessary files to run in a chroot that it also downloads and sets up for you from within the app. There's not really a need to port it since it works fine on some Roms for surnia already. I'm running the marshmallow version right now in fact, the only problem I have is space needed on internal storage to install all the tools I want and the desktop environment I want but I'm looking for solutions. Another problem is since we won't be running on the hardware it was designed for we won't get allot of the wireless tools to work since the kernel(s) for our device aren't officially supported. The best thing I think to port if anything would be the required kernel to our device then go from there. However we should still be able to use other tools that have armhf or armel architecture which will still be fewer than a full Kali distro running on a PC, so another thing I'm playing with is installing the i386 and AMD64 versions using Linux deploy, without much success yet but I'll either get it eventually or figure out why it's not possible right now.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks for the info ^_^ ! I had not researched much and thought it was just like any other ROM whose massive sources I had to download.
There you go @FanboyStudios , no more waiting!
So update, which is partially for documenting what I've done and partially for sharing my experience and preferences. Installed the nethunter full chroot and kali-rolling using Linux Deploy. I feel like the Linux Deploy solution offers the most benefits because I learned more along the way and because it seems more customizable and because it allows the installation to reside on an external SD card instead of taking up what little internal storage our device has.
So first after days of messing with around I determined installing to a partition wasn't happening so I decided on installing the file way which creates a raw disk image that is where Linux gets installed into. Two problems with this for me were that fat32 won't work with files over 4 gigs, and also that I didn't feel (and was right btw) that 4 gigs would be enough for everything I wanted (kali-linux-full, and a DE other than Lxde). So here's the procedure that worked best for me.
Use Aparted from Google Play to format the external SD card with a fat32 partition for typical storage, an ext4 partition for a larger than 4 gig Linux image, and a third ext4 partition to use with apps2sd from the Play Store to save space on my internal SD card.
After formatting, I installed meefik's busybox to /system/xbin (which is the default install location) then Linux deploy also by Meefik, then used Linux deploy to install the image to the second ext4 partition. For whatever reason though when I would try to specify a large file size for the distro, it would either fail to create it or it would report that it had been created and I'd discover later that the images didn't have the larger space I'd specified. So I installed it without caring about the image size and tested it with terminal emulator (also from the Play Store) by changing directory to /data/data/ru.meefik.linuxdeploy/files/bin/
Then running ./linuxdeploy shell
Which opened the distro installed to the image file and let me update it and install whatever until I ran out of space in the image file. So then I just used a pc running Ubuntu to create and format a blank .img file as ext4, and copied my image from the phone's external SD card to the computer, and copied the contents from the original image to the new large image, copied the larger image to the second ext4 partition, and then I was good to go with enough free space to install not only kali-linux-full but gnome DE as well. I couldn't get gnome working with tightvncserver though so I ended up uninstalling gnome and tightvncserver, and went with the mate DE and vnc4server which didn't require much to get a gui.
Well, I had installed Kali Linux using linux deploy app without much trouble on my moto e 2014 condor. And even tried airodump-ng package for WiFi sniffing but as we require external wifi adapter I couldn't make it... My moto e doesn't have otg support, so can I use external WiFi adapter like tl wn722n, because Linux has inbuilt support ( something related to kernel support) to usb connection? So because of Linux support, will this identify the connected adapter to my moto e?
PseudoDev said:
Fine, I will do it for free but you gotta wait...not because you didn't pay but...unless someone else doesn't take up your project, it will take about a month till I get my band width at the best speed. Until that, its too slow to get the sources and build one. Porting from one device to another is easy...but Creating one from the source is a time taking process (Not to mention the bug fixing). Also, I used Kali for a week until fedora became my daily driver. I think you are talking about fern WiFi cracker right? Used it. It primarily depends upon a dictionary and uses those to crack...its some form of brute force. If you crack WiFi by it then you are just lucky. I could never get a WiFi cracked. Besides, it also needs a network handshake which is possible only if multiple devices are connect to the WiFi. Never really worked for me .... But i f it did .... Good for you :laugh:
Anyways, if you could like, wait till 24th of July, I could give you the build...until that, you either have to wait or find a new dev.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'm down to test
PseudoDev said:
Thanks for the info ^_^ ! I had not researched much and thought it was just like any other ROM whose massive sources I had to download.
There you go @FanboyStudios , no more waiting!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks! Could you modify the kernel to support Monitor Mode, if not could you make a flashable zip for the Moto E LTE to disable PIE security on CM13? Thanks!
PseudoDev said:
Thanks for the info ^_^ ! I had not researched much and thought it was just like any other ROM whose massive sources I had to download.
There you go @FanboyStudios , no more waiting!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Actually I went and looked for compatibility with some other devices [thinking of getting an S2 for the Monitor Mode support], and its not an app. Kali Nethunter is a Android ROM with tools. What you guys we're talking about is running Kali OS on top of Android using chroot.
Related
I recently got my hands on a quite interesting device, a cideko simple box.
Just for the sake of it, I'd like to hack it, and maybe even get a custom rom on it.
It's basically a set-up-multimedia-thingy-box for a TV running android, and it's pretty damn cheap.
Using adb via TCP/IP I was already able to connect and also get a rootshell (yay!)
However, it seems like no firmware files/instructions how to flash are available by the manufacturer (nay!)... I already asked them nicely, let's see what I get back.
You can find the adb bugreport output here if you're curious.
Anyone wants to help?
Florian
Saw this hardware before. 600Mhz, no openGL or any accelleration for games, nothing.
It does play back media files, but that's about it.
Very low-end chipset from Skyviia.. ARMv5TEJ at ~228 bogomips is pretty bad.
Does it support the install of apk files from USB? and does it allow flash on websites?
Questions or Problems Should Not Be Posted in the Development Forum
Please Post in the Correct Forums & Read the Forum Rules
Moving to General
Just for the sake of it, I'd like to hack it, and maybe even get a custom rom on it.
It's basically a set-up-multimedia-thingy-box for a TV running android, and it's pretty damn cheap.
Using adb via TCP/IP I was already able to connect and also get a rootshell (yay!)
However, it seems like no firmware files/instructions how to flash are available by the manufacturer (nay!)... I already asked them nicely, let's see what I get back.
Anyone wants to help?
Florian[/QUOTE]
Did you manage to customise your Simplebox? I bought one and the description said "Install Apps and games via the built in SD card slot (APK files)" but I can't find anything in the manual.
MsAnnieOD said:
Just for the sake of it, I'd like to hack it, and maybe even get a custom rom on it.
It's basically a set-up-multimedia-thingy-box for a TV running android, and it's pretty damn cheap.
Using adb via TCP/IP I was already able to connect and also get a rootshell (yay!)
However, it seems like no firmware files/instructions how to flash are available by the manufacturer (nay!)... I already asked them nicely, let's see what I get back.
Anyone wants to help?
Florian
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Did you manage to customise your Simplebox? I bought one and the description said "Install Apps and games via the built in SD card slot (APK files)" but I can't find anything in the manual.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I have one too. I like the device and the air keyboard, plus it was pretty cheap. I was really pleased that SMB/CIFS support worked out of the box and witha few other things, but thats where it stops. The software included is the let down, not the machine itself. Video playback is out of sync 99% of the time until you fast forward and/or rewind then it magically syncs up again, only 1 CIFS connection at a time, the vast majority of apps will not install and those that do fail to run, the video software displays long file names in such a way, that you cannot determine which file is which, etc. I sent Cideko an email asking them to pretty please provide a new update addressing these issues, but I heard nothing back and I sent it months ago.
The picture is good, the device is unobtrusive and if you rename your file appropriately then it is a bearable media streamer, but it could have been the best little cheap media box ever with just a little care and attention. Disappointing that no one is interested in improving it.
anyone here root with a macbook ? I'm coming from jailbreaking iphones and never had an android phone and was wondering how difficult i'm going to have with updates and apps and rooting in a few days (phone should be here tomorrow), I use to dual boot but I sold my windows OS because I never used it so now I only have a macbook but we do have a home computer but thats down due to the power supply took a dump the other day !
So with SGS2 AT&T + macbook intel I tried to google and I can't find a straight answer to this !
1-can I root ?
2-how much more difficult without windows is it going to be ?
3-should I buy a windows OS and go back to dual boot ?
justabrake said:
anyone here root with a macbook ? I'm coming from jailbreaking iphones and never had an android phone and was wondering how difficult i'm going to have with updates and apps and rooting in a few days (phone should be here tomorrow), I use to dual boot but I sold my windows OS because I never used it so now I only have a macbook but we do have a home computer but thats down due to the power supply took a dump the other day !
So with SGS2 AT&T + macbook intel I tried to google and I can't find a straight answer to this !
1-can I root ?
2-how much more difficult without windows is it going to be ?
3-should I buy a windows OS and go back to dual boot ?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
If you're familiar with terminal on your mac, there is a multi platform tool named Heimdall. Very easy to flash on a mac with this program
Sent from my SAMSUNG-SGH-I777 using XDA App
eep2378 said:
If you're familiar with terminal on your mac, there is a multi platform tool named Heimdall. Very easy to flash on a mac with this program
Sent from my SAMSUNG-SGH-I777 using XDA App
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I downloaded it and installed it I guess I need the device first to use it !
Is this something like cyberduck ? or more like tinyumbrella ?
justabrake said:
anyone here root with a macbook ? I'm coming from jailbreaking iphones and never had an android phone and was wondering how difficult i'm going to have with updates and apps and rooting in a few days (phone should be here tomorrow), I use to dual boot but I sold my windows OS because I never used it so now I only have a macbook but we do have a home computer but thats down due to the power supply took a dump the other day !
So with SGS2 AT&T + macbook intel I tried to google and I can't find a straight answer to this !
1-can I root ?
2-how much more difficult without windows is it going to be ?
3-should I buy a windows OS and go back to dual boot ?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
MacOS will be easier than Windows. It's closer to Linux. So ADB is easier to get up and running I think, and heimdall is easier to get up and running. Note that I think heimdall had some issues with recent revisions of MacOS, and there's supposed to be an update (1.3.1) coming out in a day or two.
With heimdall you've got multiple paths to root. In my opinion the easiest now is to flash my kernel - as soon as the kernel boots it'll autoroot your system partition.
In terms of getting really "down and dirty" with an Android device, the order of easiness is:
1) Linux - because Android itself is a form of Linux, and is open source, Linux is the official development platform for Android. As an example, if you want to compile cyanogenmod from source, it's easiest on Linux.
2) MacOS - because it's much closer to Linux than Windows - it's possible to compile cyanogenmod from source on MacOS, but it's a bit difficult
3) Windows - It's the odd one out. It's the only platform where you need to install drivers for ADB to work, the only platform you need to install drivers for flashing utilities to work, and it's also not possible to compile Cyanogenmod from source and barely possible to compile kernels from source (if at all) if you want to get into the real down-to-the-metal development.
FYI, if you're messing with Android from MacOS, you may want to familiarize yourself with your terminal shell.
justabrake said:
I downloaded it and installed it I guess I need the device first to use it !
Is this something like cyberduck ? or more like tinyumbrella ?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No clue what those are.
Entropy512 said:
MacOS will be easier than Windows. It's closer to Linux. So ADB is easier to get up and running I think, and heimdall is easier to get up and running. Note that I think heimdall had some issues with recent revisions of MacOS, and there's supposed to be an update (1.3.1) coming out in a day or two.
With heimdall you've got multiple paths to root. In my opinion the easiest now is to flash my kernel - as soon as the kernel boots it'll autoroot your system partition.
In terms of getting really "down and dirty" with an Android device, the order of easiness is:
1) Linux - because Android itself is a form of Linux, and is open source, Linux is the official development platform for Android. As an example, if you want to compile cyanogenmod from source, it's easiest on Linux.
2) MacOS - because it's much closer to Linux than Windows - it's possible to compile cyanogenmod from source on MacOS, but it's a bit difficult
3) Windows - It's the odd one out. It's the only platform where you need to install drivers for ADB to work, the only platform you need to install drivers for flashing utilities to work, and it's also not possible to compile Cyanogenmod from source and barely possible to compile kernels from source (if at all) if you want to get into the real down-to-the-metal development.
FYI, if you're messing with Android from MacOS, you may want to familiarize yourself with your terminal shell.
No clue what those are.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You say it's easier using a mac then windows ! I'd bet you never used a mac to do this there isn't many threads or downloads for mac OSX
I read some and there's just too many steps using a mac were as if you used 4 easy steps using windows So if you know an easy step by step that you don't have to use Terminal and a bunch of downloads to get Heimdall working please don't hesitate to post here !
I just rooted my phone last night, and I'm on a Mac. Since I couldn't find any steps for rooting the GS2 on a Mac, I just ran Windows through VMWare Fusion and forwarded the USB connection to the VM. It looks like it worked perfectly, as everything I've tried so far that requires root has ran flawlessly.
flightsimmer said:
I just rooted my phone last night, and I'm on a Mac. Since I couldn't find any steps for rooting the GS2 on a Mac, I just ran Windows through VMWare Fusion and forwarded the USB connection to the VM. It looks like it worked perfectly, as everything I've tried so far that requires root has ran flawlessly.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I Posted I don't have windows
Are you trying to impress me?
I'm not
Thanks
Unfortunately, I'm a terminal kind of guy. My rooting method was initially developed on a Linux box, and my kernel is always flashed from a Linux box when I develop it.
MacOS is much closer to Linux than Windows is - so yes, it's actually easier if you have basic terminal/shell familiarity.
The only problem is that apparently Heimdall and OSX Lion don't seem to like each other much...
Terminal shell its much easier to use, once you get use to using. The problem is, like most things you have never attempted before it will always seem more complicated than it is.
I have found most tasks I do to be easier and quicker with one exception and that is file/folder navigation, that is one thing where GUI clearly beats terminal command line.
Sent from my SAMSUNG-SGH-I777 using XDA App
I share your pain man. I actually found that while the MAC method might be easier, it was more practical from a community support perspective, to just install windows on boot camp and use that partition when dealing with rooting.
I know it's not ideal but if you're doing it on a MAC there will be far less of a community on here to support you, given the small percentage of users with macs in general.
I rooted mine in boot camp just by following the directions. You can remove the boot camp partition when done anyhow
dayv said:
Terminal shell its much easier to use, once you get use to using. The problem is, like most things you have never attempted before it will always seem more complicated than it is.
I have found most tasks I do to be easier and quicker with one exception and that is file/folder navigation, that is one thing where GUI clearly beats terminal command line.
Sent from my SAMSUNG-SGH-I777 using XDA App
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Not once you learn the joys of tab completion... (Not all shells have that feature, but I think OSX defaults to bash which should have it.)
Entropy512 said:
Not once you learn the joys of tab completion... (Not all shells have that feature, but I think OSX defaults to bash which should have it.)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'll have to learn.
Sent from my SAMSUNG-SGH-I777 using XDA App
Entropy512 said:
Unfortunately, I'm a terminal kind of guy. My rooting method was initially developed on a Linux box, and my kernel is always flashed from a Linux box when I develop it.
MacOS is much closer to Linux than Windows is - so yes, it's actually easier if you have basic terminal/shell familiarity.
The only problem is that apparently Heimdall and OSX Lion don't seem to like each other much...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'm on lion and have no problems using command line heimdall. I've flashed a bunch of your kernels already So it may be user error/other factors affecting heimdall and OS lion. Lion has had a few updates already, last one being yesterday. I've had well documented, wifi issues on lion, etc(supposed to be fixed with latest update)
bella92108 said:
I share your pain man. I actually found that while the MAC method might be easier, it was more practical from a community support perspective, to just install windows on boot camp and use that partition when dealing with rooting.
I know it's not ideal but if you're doing it on a MAC there will be far less of a community on here to support you, given the small percentage of users with macs in general.
I rooted mine in boot camp just by following the directions. You can remove the boot camp partition when done anyhow
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'll have to get a windows OS, Never thought there wouldn't be a youtube or support sites for this !
Thanks !
justabrake said:
I'll have to get a windows OS, Never thought there wouldn't be a youtube or support sites for this !
Thanks !
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'm confused by your phrasing, lol.
At least you're a smart Apple customer. Most who use Apple computers (best computers on the market), are "fanboys" and end up thinking just because Apple makes a good tablet, or a good computer, that their phones must be the best, and 1 million line up on pre-order day to buy a 1.5 year old model thinking it's going to be any different than the half-baked, crippled iDevice they had before, hehe.
Not really sure where I'm going with that... but yeah, buy a cheap OEM copy of windows. I'd say download a pirated copy, but I don't want to get yelled at on here, so definitely don't download a pirated copy, pirated copies of windows are bad...
---------- Post added at 01:23 PM ---------- Previous post was at 01:21 PM ----------
eep2378 said:
I'm on lion and have no problems using command line heimdall. I've flashed a bunch of your kernels already So it may be user error/other factors affecting heimdall and OS lion. Lion has had a few updates already, last one being yesterday. I've had well documented, wifi issues on lion, etc(supposed to be fixed with latest update)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Wifi issues on Lion? I have never had an issue. I DO have a big Wifi issue on my Galaxy SII just like the Wifi issues I had on my Infuse 4G. Wish someone would fix that. It's annoying to have 1 bar of wifi when I'm sitting 2 feet from my router, hehe.
Maybe I should try tweaking the frequencies on my routers
bella92108 said:
I'm confused by your phrasing, lol.
At least you're a smart Apple customer. Most who use Apple computers (best computers on the market), are "fanboys" and end up thinking just because Apple makes a good tablet, or a good computer, that their phones must be the best, and 1 million line up on pre-order day to buy a 1.5 year old model thinking it's going to be any different than the half-baked, crippled iDevice they had before, hehe.
Not really sure where I'm going with that... but yeah, buy a cheap OEM copy of windows. I'd say download a pirated copy, but I don't want to get yelled at on here, so definitely don't download a pirated copy, pirated copies of windows are bad...
---------- Post added at 01:23 PM ---------- Previous post was at 01:21 PM ----------
Wifi issues on Lion? I have never had an issue. I DO have a big Wifi issue on my Galaxy SII just like the Wifi issues I had on my Infuse 4G. Wish someone would fix that. It's annoying to have 1 bar of wifi when I'm sitting 2 feet from my router, hehe.
Maybe I should try tweaking the frequencies on my routers
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Consider yourself lucky then. There was a pretty sizable issue with lion where wifi/network would not be connected to internet when waking computer from sleep. If you google it, there were A LOT of people having problems.
Also, in there Lion update yesterday, the issue is addressed in the changelog directly from Apple, so they were aware of the problem.
For me it was pretty annoying. I tried a bunch of workarounds but none of them worked long term. I was forced to constantly turn wifi on/off whenever it would not connect. Pretty weak!!
I have not had the issue since updating yesterday, lets hope it stays that way
Yeah, I have a Macbook Pro and have been rooted. Command line heimdall is not difficult in the least to use in my opinion. Any questions can be answered by a multitude of us using it.
Btw, its nothing like cyberduck. That was just a FTP interface. This is a completely different thing.
Edit: Off topic, I was having that wifi problem too! I just thought it was my crappy university internet.
abacon15 said:
Edit: Off topic, I was having that wifi problem too! I just thought it was my crappy university internet.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
In regards to wifi on your MBP or your GSII?
MBP. I have nothing but great things to say about my GSII.
abacon15 said:
MBP. I have nothing but great things to say about my GSII.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think I need to tweak my settings on my router, I think it's responsible for the spotty wifi on my GSII.
Ohai.
I've been reading around, and noticed how people have booted the Nexus One into a vanilla installation of Linux, without a chroot or Android running whatsoever. I wanted to try this, and get Xorg running natively on the device without having to use VNC, in hopes of better X performance/more usability.
Playing around, I did get Xorg to start on the framebuffer inside a chroot. I got the evdev drivers working, thus I can actually use the touchscreen. ALSA seems to be happy and sound is alright. I found some drivers on the web for PowerVR GPUs, and installed those and configured X to use them. But, I've hit a wall: I can't load the PowerVR drivers for full hardware acceleration. It seems to be trying to use modprobe to load the module, but that doesn't seem to work inside a chroot. I'm guessing I might not be able to overcome this, as it seems to simply be a limitation of the chroot itself.
I'm assuming my next goal is probably to get my device booted natively in a vanilla Linux environment. No Android in the way. To be honest, I'm not sure where to start. I guess my first question is, how possible is this? For the Nexus One, people used fastboot, but since Samsung uses their own Download Mode thingy, I don't think that'd work. Does Download Mode work similarly like fastboot, where I can boot off something like the sdcard without flashing anything to the internal memory?
Is this a relatively easy task to accomplish? I'd just love to use Ubuntu Unity on this device, fully native, running OpenGL games with good performance (like Minecraft, which just barely runs in CPU rendering using the framebuffer driver or dummy driver + VNC). It would also be awesome to hook up a USB keyboard and mouse, maybe even an external display, and use it like a netbook/desktop.
Also, I apologize if this is the wrong subforum. I don't know if this really fits under the "Development" section or not.
benbaptist said:
Ohai.
I've been reading around, and noticed how people have booted the Nexus One into a vanilla installation of Linux, without a chroot or Android running whatsoever. I wanted to try this, and get Xorg running natively on the device without having to use VNC, in hopes of better X performance/more usability.
Playing around, I did get Xorg to start on the framebuffer inside a chroot. I got the evdev drivers working, thus I can actually use the touchscreen. ALSA seems to be happy and sound is alright. I found some drivers on the web for PowerVR GPUs, and installed those and configured X to use them. But, I've hit a wall: I can't load the PowerVR drivers for full hardware acceleration. It seems to be trying to use modprobe to load the module, but that doesn't seem to work inside a chroot. I'm guessing I might not be able to overcome this, as it seems to simply be a limitation of the chroot itself.
I'm assuming my next goal is probably to get my device booted natively in a vanilla Linux environment. No Android in the way. To be honest, I'm not sure where to start. I guess my first question is, how possible is this? For the Nexus One, people used fastboot, but since Samsung uses their own Download Mode thingy, I don't think that'd work. Does Download Mode work similarly like fastboot, where I can boot off something like the sdcard without flashing anything to the internal memory?
Is this a relatively easy task to accomplish? I'd just love to use Ubuntu Unity on this device, fully native, running OpenGL games with good performance (like Minecraft, which just barely runs in CPU rendering using the framebuffer driver or dummy driver + VNC). It would also be awesome to hook up a USB keyboard and mouse, maybe even an external display, and use it like a netbook/desktop.
Also, I apologize if this is the wrong subforum. I don't know if this really fits under the "Development" section or not.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes, this completely belongs in the dev section, especially since you seem to have enough ,motivation and kniw-how to be able to work on this project .
This seems like a very interesting project, that would definitely be feasible, but Linux would have to replace android 100% (since heimdall/Odin flash to only the internal flash, and you would need ticreate a weird frankenstein-esque kernel to be able to boot it from anywhere else, although I suppose you could partition a micrlsd card and use that). I do not know enough in this particular field to be of much help, but if you do want any assistance, or have any questions, feel free to ask me or any other member of TeamSuperNova.
Welcome to the forums!
EDIT: My 2c on the project:
What you are setting out to do sounds like a very nice side project, that could be very a very nice addition to forums, and I have a few things I would just like for you to consider.
1. This is an aging device. We have a decent SOC, even though it is getting on in it's years, but I seriosuly doubt that it would be able to run Ubuntu natively well, even with full HW acceleration, and even if it does, we have only 512 MB for you to play around with. In comparison, the TF (dual core Tegra 2 +1 GB ram) has had native ubuntu for awhile now, and just got full HW acceleration. I tried it, and although the interface was smooth, everything took several seconds too long to complete, and overall it seemed like it would crawl to a stop (which it did a few times) the moment a few things started going. Our 1 GB of ram was enough, but only barely enough to give us some breathing room for browsing/light gaming.
2.The kernel. To get Ubuntu running natively, you will need to figure out how to create a linux kernel for Ubuntu, which is a LOT harder than just cut/pasting the needed modules and compiling. Most liikely you will need to start from scratch, and build your own kernel from the ground up, which requires a lot of kernel experience. Fortunately, we have several IT members on the forums such as daniel644 and Oisis which I am sure would be happy to help you whenever they have free time.
3.Time. Assuming that this will be a one-man job, you seriosuly need to think about how long this will take. Weeks? months? Years? I do not know your skill level and/or experience, but my prediction is that this will take about 6 months of hard work (assuming a few hours a day and sufficient support from the community) to see it to fruition. If you really are dedicated to this, I would suggest trying to form a dev team (like we did) of people who would be interested, and WORK. I don't just mean ballpark ideas until you like the way something sounds, but set goals for youselves, (eg. kernel booting with dmesg by xx date).
4. Bootloader. Our bootloaders are very finicky, unfortunately, unlike something like the TF, where you can overwrite the full bootloader partition, and you can just NVflash away and be done with it. If you make a mistake, write something to the wrong section, partition the wrong way, there is a very real chance that you will get into a hard-brick situation, from which you may not be able to get out of. At least our bootloader isn''t locked, so you don't need to worry about that.
I don't want to sound demotivational or depressing, but these are some real things you need to take into consideration. Again, if you have any questions, just pop me a PM whenever you want, and I will probably respond fairly quickly (as I normally browse xda in my spare time). Good luck, and may the bits be ever in your favor (sorry, sorry).
hanthesolo said:
Yes, this completely belongs in the dev section, especially since you seem to have enough ,motivation and kniw-how to be able to work on this project .
This seems like a very interesting project, that would definitely be feasible, but Linux would have to replace android 100% (since heimdall/Odin flash to only the internal flash, and you would need ticreate a weird frankenstein-esque kernel to be able to boot it from anywhere else, although I suppose you could partition a micrlsd card and use that). I do not know enough in this particular field to be of much help, but if you do want any assistance, or have any questions, feel free to ask me or any other member of TeamSuperNova.
Welcome to the forums!
EDIT: My 2c on the project:
What you are setting out to do sounds like a very nice side project, that could be very a very nice addition to forums, and I have a few things I would just like for you to consider.
1. This is an aging device. We have a decent SOC, even though it is getting on in it's years, but I seriosuly doubt that it would be able to run Ubuntu natively well, even with full HW acceleration, and even if it does, we have only 512 MB for you to play around with. In comparison, the TF (dual core Tegra 2 +1 GB ram) has had native ubuntu for awhile now, and just got full HW acceleration. I tried it, and although the interface was smooth, everything took several seconds too long to complete, and overall it seemed like it would crawl to a stop (which it did a few times) the moment a few things started going. Our 1 GB of ram was enough, but only barely enough to give us some breathing room for browsing/light gaming.
2.The kernel. To get Ubuntu running natively, you will need to figure out how to create a linux kernel for Ubuntu, which is a LOT harder than just cut/pasting the needed modules and compiling. Most liikely you will need to start from scratch, and build your own kernel from the ground up, which requires a lot of kernel experience. Fortunately, we have several IT members on the forums such as daniel644 and Oisis which I am sure would be happy to help you whenever they have free time.
3.Time. Assuming that this will be a one-man job, you seriosuly need to think about how long this will take. Weeks? months? Years? I do not know your skill level and/or experience, but my prediction is that this will take about 6 months of hard work (assuming a few hours a day and sufficient support from the community) to see it to fruition. If you really are dedicated to this, I would suggest trying to form a dev team (like we did) of people who would be interested, and WORK. I don't just mean ballpark ideas until you like the way something sounds, but set goals for youselves, (eg. kernel booting with dmesg by xx date).
4. Bootloader. Our bootloaders are very finicky, unfortunately, unlike something like the TF, where you can overwrite the full bootloader partition, and you can just NVflash away and be done with it. If you make a mistake, write something to the wrong section, partition the wrong way, there is a very real chance that you will get into a hard-brick situation, from which you may not be able to get out of. At least our bootloader isn''t locked, so you don't need to worry about that.
I don't want to sound demotivational or depressing, but these are some real things you need to take into consideration. Again, if you have any questions, just pop me a PM whenever you want, and I will probably respond fairly quickly (as I normally browse xda in my spare time). Good luck, and may the bits be ever in your favor (sorry, sorry).
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Ohai.
Thanks for the response! I guess I didn't realize it would've been this tricky. I assumed I could just partition my sdcard, install a Linux distro onto it, and then point the native Android kernel to boot to that without even modifying the native Android filesystem.
I've somewhat given up on the idea of booting natively into a pure Linux environment, and I'm working on seeing what I can do from the chroot. I've been trying to get modprobe to work from the chroot but I barely know what I'm doing. I created a symbolic link from /system/lib to the /lib folder inside the chroot, just to see if that would work. After copying the libraries required to run even basic commands like "ls" and "uptime", modprobe simply couldn't find the one module that I wanted to use: omap_gpu. While /lib was mounted, I uninstalled and reinstalled the drivers just to make sure.
To be honest, I'm not entirely sure what I'm doing. I'm just kind of doing things and seeing if it works. I have no clue how I'd be able to load kernel modules from a chroot to the actual Linux kernel. For the record, this is the log I get when starting Xorg. It says the same things modprobe say when starting it:
Code:
[email protected]:/# X
X.Org X Server 1.10.1
Release Date: 2011-04-15
X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0
Build Operating System: Linux 2.6.38-1208-omap4 armv7l Ubuntu
Current Operating System: Linux localhost 2.6.35.7-G70UEKI8-CL566269 #1 PREEMPT Mon Mar 26 11:00:08 MST 2012 armv7l
Kernel command line: console=ttySAC2,115200 loglevel=7 androidboot.serialno=c0890526591863f
Build Date: 13 October 2011 05:53:40PM
xorg-server 2:1.10.1-1ubuntu1.3 (For technical support please see [url]http://www.ubuntu.com/support[/url])
Current version of pixman: 0.20.2
Before reporting problems, check [url]http://wiki.x.org[/url]
to make sure that you have the latest version.
Markers: (--) probed, (**) from config file, (==) default setting,
(++) from command line, (!!) notice, (II) informational,
(WW) warning, (EE) error, (NI) not implemented, (??) unknown.
(==) Log file: "/var/log/Xorg.0.log", Time: Fri Sep 14 08:51:04 2012
(==) Using config file: "/etc/X11/xorg.conf"
(==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d"
WARNING: Failed to open config file blacklist-oss.conf: No such file or directory
FATAL: Error inserting pvrsrvkm (/lib/modules/2.6.35.7-G70UEKI8-CL566269/updates/dkms/pvrsrvkm.ko): Invalid module format
WARNING: Failed to open config file blacklist-oss.conf: No such file or directory
FATAL: Module omap_gpu not found.
(EE) Couldn't get PVR Services status
(EE) No devices detected.
Fatal server error:
no screens found
Please consult the The X.Org Foundation support
at [url]http://wiki.x.org[/url]
for help.
Please also check the log file at "/var/log/Xorg.0.log" for additional information.
ddxSigGiveUp: Closing log
[email protected]:/#
I'm hoping this can be possible. As you said, it is very slow while loading things, but I do think it could perhaps be nice for certain things like VLC. The reason I want VLC is the headphone virtualization (I like it more than Android's virtualization), the equalizer, and whatnot. Other things include *MAYBE* light gaming (Minecraft probably won't run too well, even if I got H/W acceleration going, but maybe just enough to be able to type into the chat and goof around a tad if I find a way to add touch controls), and being just plain cool.
Another benefit I *may* gain by using the PVR drivers isn't really about H/W acceleration, is that I'm not using the fbdev driver. I can't seem to get certain things like screen rotation and DPI changing to work with the framebuffer driver, but maybe they'll work with the PVR drivers. Just a guess, I'm assuming the fbdev driver just doesn't handle changing the DPI or something.
Like I said earlier, I'm a tad bit clueless on how modprobe and stuff alike works. I don't know if this simply won't work in a chroot or not. Also, I apologize for the rather late response, I keep forgetting to check XDA.
Another thing is that I might actually get a Galaxy S III sometime soon (not too soon though), and I think I should stick to a chroot since it would be more portable, and easier to transfer to my Galaxy S3 when (or if) I get one.
Ah, this is what I love: detailed posts. The more info you give me, the more likely I may be able to help you in some way.
Just off the top of my head (with no googling or researching about creating a CHROOT enviroment, do those files actually exist, and if they do, is the filesystem actually mounting? Sounds stupid, but sometimes some of the most frustrating mistakes are the ones that are extremely simple (I spent a week working on CM9 at one point fixing crashes, and all I needed to do was set a variable to false).
I would look up any work related to this on the I9000 forums, as they are almost identical to us. The I9000 has just about every android project under the sun availible to it, so I am sure someone has worked on CHROOT for it at some point or another (almost 3 years old, and their dev community is still ENORMOUS, I wish I had gotten one of them with a bad ESN than a Gplayer ). Now, are you actually able to boot to a terminal (as it seems), and trying to start an X server, or are you just trying to get it to START period?
hanthesolo said:
Ah, this is what I love: detailed posts. The more info you give me, the more likely I may be able to help you in some way.
Just off the top of my head (with no googling or researching about creating a CHROOT enviroment, do those files actually exist, and if they do, is the filesystem actually mounting? Sounds stupid, but sometimes some of the most frustrating mistakes are the ones that are extremely simple (I spent a week working on CM9 at one point fixing crashes, and all I needed to do was set a variable to false).
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yup, I checked and the filesystem did mount properly. I created a file inside /system/lib, and it appeared in the chroot's /lib, which is where I `mound -o bind`'ed it to. It seems like it was working alright.
hanthesolo said:
I would look up any work related to this on the I9000 forums, as they are almost identical to us. The I9000 has just about every android project under the sun availible to it, so I am sure someone has worked on CHROOT for it at some point or another (almost 3 years old, and their dev community is still ENORMOUS, I wish I had gotten one of them with a bad ESN than a Gplayer ).
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Ah yes! Probably my only serious complaint about my Galaxy Player is the development community's lack of existence. I almost wonder if I could just sell this device and get a Galaxy S1 for about the same amount of money? Or even a Galaxy S2, maybe. I just wonder how much money Galaxy Players can cost second hand.
hanthesolo said:
Now, are you actually able to boot to a terminal (as it seems), and trying to start an X server, or are you just trying to get it to START period?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I can get a terminal which works just fine, and I can even start Xorg right now, but only with the framebuffer driver. Interface-wise, the framebuffer driver seems amazingly smooth but the driver itself has its issues, and I'd rather have a hardware accelerated driver anyway just to see how certain OpenGL games run like Minecraft.
benbaptist said:
I've somewhat given up on the idea of booting natively into a pure Linux environment, and I'm working on seeing what I can do from the chroot. I've been trying to get modprobe to work from the chroot but I barely know what I'm doing. I created a symbolic link from /system/lib to the /lib folder inside the chroot, just to see if that would work. After copying the libraries required to run even basic commands like "ls" and "uptime", modprobe simply couldn't find the one module that I wanted to use: omap_gpu. While /lib was mounted, I uninstalled and reinstalled the drivers just to make sure.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'm not a developer but your comments about chroot reminds me of a related project for the nook color:
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1605095
I wonder the ideas there could be useful? Please keep us informed!
benbaptist said:
Yup, I checked and the filesystem did mount properly. I created a file inside /system/lib, and it appeared in the chroot's /lib, which is where I `mound -o bind`'ed it to. It seems like it was working alright.
Ah yes! Probably my only serious complaint about my Galaxy Player is the development community's lack of existence. I almost wonder if I could just sell this device and get a Galaxy S1 for about the same amount of money? Or even a Galaxy S2, maybe. I just wonder how much money Galaxy Players can cost second hand.
I can get a terminal which works just fine, and I can even start Xorg right now, but only with the framebuffer driver. Interface-wise, the framebuffer driver seems amazingly smooth but the driver itself has its issues, and I'd rather have a hardware accelerated driver anyway just to see how certain OpenGL games run like Minecraft.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yeah, I would have done that if I had known, but it is probably better to hang onto the player, as they sell for maybe 50 percent of retail. Well as I said, this really isn't my forte, so good luck with the driver, and if you need any help, just pop me a PM.
So let me just start by explaining my project and the goal. I currently work part time at target and they give us a piece of equipment they call the MYDEVICE to use for basic work functions (EX: finding things for people, checking and comparing prices ECT.). The MYDEVICE as its called is a jailbroken Ipod touch with target apps loaded on it and an otg case with a bar-code scanner built in. Problem is they don't work very well and tend to crash alot. I have often then been forced to use my LG G3 to do the job since it has most of the apps on it from the play store. Then one day it dawned o me "why not just buy a cheap LG phone and customize it to do what the "MYDEVICE" does and use it instead.
Here is where I am currently with this project
I have an lg tribute virgin mobile FS660 model.
It is rooted with twrp recovery installed.
The two snags I still have left are:
1.
I cannot figure out for the life of me how to unlock the bootloader via adb (the phone wont connect/ accept the commands it just reboots).
I am using this method to unlock the bootloader:
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2224020
any help suggestions or clarifications on what to do would be wonderful :/
2.
I cannot get cyanogenmod 12.1 to work properly on it it bootloops every time I try to run it
I have proper gapps and the rom .img is made by unjustified dev.
any help with these issues would be awesome
my goal is to have a small portable device to use on the clock that will work more reliably than the glorified ipod touch I am currently forced to use.
PS big thanks to avicohh and the people who wrote the ADB tools install for windows you rock
Hi,
Have not used my Nook Tablet recently because have newer hardware.
Recently saw "Use An Android Tablet as a Live Monitor for your DSLR Camera" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnzkHegu3aA and hope can do this with my Nook Tablet 16GB.
Searched the forum and then YouTube using Nook Tablet for camera monitor but to date have found nothing.
Hope someone else has interest in doing this.
Thanks
Ken
A search through the forum for "USB Host" seems to indicate that while many people over the years have coveted this capability, it has never been implemented on the NT.
That said, there are some DSLR cameras that use direct WiFi to communicate with Android devices and can display what they see on the tablet screen (not to mention accept remote commands from the device). These apps run just fine on the NT.
nmyshkin,
"there are some DSLR cameras that use direct WiFi to communicate with Android devices and can display what they see on the tablet screen (not to mention accept remote commands from the device). These apps run just fine on the NT" Unfortunately my cameras do not have WiFi.
Thanks for the tip about "USB Host" somehow my searches never picked it up. Redid the search using Nook tablet USB Host and got a Lot of Hits! Also Googled and got > 111K hits!!!
Clarification: Is the reason it has never been implemented on the NT a Hardware or a Software problem?
Googled and found [Q] USB Host/OTG mode for peripherals? https://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1546363
Answer by tobdaryl "From what I have read this is not possible yet but is being looked at by at least Team B. Others may also be working on this but it holds lesser value till the more important things to everyday operation on internal hardware has been conquered" it sounds like a Software problem.
Beginners question, if it is a Software problem can it be corrected by installing a newer version of Android?
Thanks for your help!!!
Ken
KenithO said:
Beginners question, if it is a Software problem can it be corrected by installing a newer version of Android?
Thanks for your help!!!
Ken
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It has to be patched into the OS by someone (if the hardware even allows for it). That funky USB connection on the NT may also cause issues, not sure.
But yes, it's maybe both, certainly at least non-existent code in the OS. I looked at my tablet running AOSP 7.0 and I only saw one mention of USB Audio in the Settings section. That's a typical USB Host application (I use it on my NST--there developers wrote new code patches to enable USB Host). Just for the heck of it and because I have all the hardware, I attached an OTG cable and a USB Audio device to my NT.
Nada. Generally there has to be a setting to enable USB Host because power input/output has to be changed, drivers added, among other things. The setting I found on my NT is probably just there like "camera" and "bluetooth" are there. They don't do anything but it was easier to just let them be than to take them out and try to trace all the threads that might unravel if they were removed.
So I think the answer is still that no one ever got around to looking at it seriously, or someone did once and found the hardware was an issue.
Sorry
nmyshkin,
Thanks for checking!!! My gut feeling now it is a Hardware Problem.
Any suggestions as to uses for the NT since the hardware is so old?
Ken
PS Thanks for the "Nook Simple Touch" link https://forum.xda-developers.com/showpost.php?p=61591693&postcount=2
Beginners Question: Are you now running Android Open Source Project 7.0 on it?
Did you ever do any baseline speed tests with original NT OS and your later OSes?
KenithO said:
Are you now running Android Open Source Project 7.0 on it?
Did you ever do any baseline speed tests with original NT OS and your later OSes?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I am running AOSP 7.0 (see https://forum.xda-developers.com/nook-tablet/general/how-to-installing-aosp-android-7-0-t3578665) and it performs flawlessly for me. No FCs, no freezes, no funny business. It's the best ROM I've run on the tablet (I never ran the stock).
Back when I was running CM 10.2.1 I did an AnTuTu test because someone asked about the speed of the system (which I thought was "fine"). I've never run another one, feeling they are pretty much useless. It seemed to test a great number of things I would never use the tablet for. The real question is "am I satisfied with the performance?". My answer is "yes".
My husband has an HD which I recently upgraded to CM 12. I know from working with his tablet that it is a little more responsive than mine, but I honestly don't care that much. I don't experience lag to any extent that changes my blood pressure and I'm constantly amazed at how well the tablet performs. So that's my test